Frequency and Inheritance of the Bx a (Box) Antigen (original) (raw)
Related papers
Genetics of ABO, H, Lewis, X and Related Antigens
Vox Sanguinis, 1986
The present knowledge on chemical, enzymatic, serologic and genetic aspects of ABH antigens is reviewed in an effort to produce a simple and coherent genetic model for the biosynthesis of these antigens and chemically related structures. The genetic control of type 1 (Lea, Leb, LeC and Led), type 2 (X, Y, I, and H), type 3 and type 4 ABH and related antigens in different animal and human tissues is analyzed, taking into account the properties of the glycosyltransferases which are involved in their synthesis and considering possible competition for common acceptor and donor substrates. The phylogeny of ABH determinants shows that they appeared as tissular antigens much earlier than as red cell antigens. The ontogeny of ABH antigens suggests that they behave as differentiation antigens, and an effort is made to correlate their tissular distribution in the adult with the embryological origin of each tissue.
A Weak Example of the Blood Group Antigen A
Vox Sanguinis, 1961
SummaryA weak form of the antigen A is reported in a healthy adult. It does not appear to correspond with any other weak form of A previously reported, except perhaps with that of Weiner, Race and Sanger. Centrifugation methods with antisera from donors injected with group specific substances are essential for the reliable demonstration of this antigen which, under these circumstances, gives a typical microscopic picture of isolated small clumps of cells set in a sea of unagglutinated cells. No symbol is used to designate this phenotype as its position within the ABO system is not clear.A weak form of the antigen A is reported in a healthy adult. It does not appear to correspond with any other weak form of A previously reported, except perhaps with that of Weiner, Race and Sanger. Centrifugation methods with antisera from donors injected with group specific substances are essential for the reliable demonstration of this antigen which, under these circumstances, gives a typical microscopic picture of isolated small clumps of cells set in a sea of unagglutinated cells. No symbol is used to designate this phenotype as its position within the ABO system is not clear.RésuméLes auteurs décrivent un antigène A faible chez un adulte en bonne santé. Il ne semble pas correspondre aux autres formes de A faibles déjà décrites sinon à celles de Weiner, Race et Sanger.Les méthodes de centrifugation avec des antisérums provenant de donneurs immunisés avec des substances de groupes spécifiques sont indispensables pour la mise en évidence de cet antigène qui, dans ces conditions, donne l'image microscopique typique de quelques petites agglutinations érythrocytaires isolées parmi un grand nombre d'érythrocytes non agglutinés. Il n'y a pas de symbole pour désigner ce phénotype et sa position dans le système ABO est peu claire.Les auteurs décrivent un antigène A faible chez un adulte en bonne santé. Il ne semble pas correspondre aux autres formes de A faibles déjà décrites sinon à celles de Weiner, Race et Sanger.Les méthodes de centrifugation avec des antisérums provenant de donneurs immunisés avec des substances de groupes spécifiques sont indispensables pour la mise en évidence de cet antigène qui, dans ces conditions, donne l'image microscopique typique de quelques petites agglutinations érythrocytaires isolées parmi un grand nombre d'érythrocytes non agglutinés. Il n'y a pas de symbole pour désigner ce phénotype et sa position dans le système ABO est peu claire.ZusammenfassungBei einem gesunden Erwachsenen wurde eine schwache A-Eigen-schaft gefunden, welche, mit Ausnahme derjenigen von Weiner, Race und Sanger, mit keiner bisher beschriebenen schwachen A-Variante übereinstimmt. Der Nachweis erfolgt am besten mit einer Zentrifugiertechnik unter Verwendung von Antiseren von Spendern, welche mit gruppenspezifischen Substanzen immunisiert worden sind. Mit dieser Technik ergibt sich ein charakteristisches Agglutinationsbild mit isolierten kleinen Agglutinaten in einem See von unagglutinierten Zellen. Da die Stellung dieses Antigens im ABO-Blutgruppensystem noch unklar ist, wurde verzichtet, diesen Phänotyp mit einem neuen Symbol zu bezeichnen.Bei einem gesunden Erwachsenen wurde eine schwache A-Eigen-schaft gefunden, welche, mit Ausnahme derjenigen von Weiner, Race und Sanger, mit keiner bisher beschriebenen schwachen A-Variante übereinstimmt. Der Nachweis erfolgt am besten mit einer Zentrifugiertechnik unter Verwendung von Antiseren von Spendern, welche mit gruppenspezifischen Substanzen immunisiert worden sind. Mit dieser Technik ergibt sich ein charakteristisches Agglutinationsbild mit isolierten kleinen Agglutinaten in einem See von unagglutinierten Zellen. Da die Stellung dieses Antigens im ABO-Blutgruppensystem noch unklar ist, wurde verzichtet, diesen Phänotyp mit einem neuen Symbol zu bezeichnen.
Lymphocytes alloantigens associated with X-chromosome-linked immune response genes
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1977
A new polymorphic alloantigen system controlled by loci on the X-chromosome has been identified by using antisera from F1 hybrid mice differing in their X-chromosome. These alloantigens are associated with the X-chromosome. These alloantigens are associated with the X-linked immune response genes controlling the immune response to the so-called "thymus independent antigens" such as type III pneumococcal polysaccharide, poly(I)-poly(C), and denatured DNA. They also show association with the histocompatibility locus present on the X-chromosome. They were mainly detected on a not yet characterized thymus-derived lymphocyte subpopulation. A certain similarity with the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse supports the possibility of additional I-like regions besides the I region of the histocompatibility-2 complex.
Molecular characterization of a human monoclonal antibody to B antigen in ABO blood type
Immunology Letters, 2003
A human anti-B antibody of clone BT97 was obtained from a healthy individual of type A of the ABO blood group without immunization. Cloning was performed by means of heterohybridoma formation of cell fusion between human peripheral lymphocytes and mouse myeloma cells. The antibody selectively reacted with B-antigen in flow cytometry using red blood cells and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The VH and VL genes of BT97 were derived from the germline genes of DP-47 and 3p.81A4, respectively, with a couple of somatic mutational events. Comparative analysis with other reported anti-A, B and H antibodies revealed that the amino acid sequence of the VH region was more homologous than that of the VL region. The sequence of BT97 showed complete identity with one anti-H natural antibody reported by Marks et al., with the exception of the CDR3 region. It is not known whether the homologies include the common properties of the natural antibodies; however, a particular germline gene potentially changes to anti-ABH antibodies. We think that this method is suitable for cDNA preparation of human monoclonal antibodies to blood group antigens and for sequence analysis.
The haplotype M2 of the ANXA5 gene is not associated with antitrophoblast antibodies
Purpose The M2 haplotype in ANXA5 as well as antitrophoblast antibodies predispose to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Since M2/ANXA5 can be a factor for development of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), this study aimed to trace a possible association of M2 with antitrophoblast antibodies. Methods One hundred patients with two or more consecutive , idiopathic RPLs were divided in two subgroups, JEG-3 + (n=42) and JEG-3 − (n=58), according to the anti-JEG-3 reactivity measured in subjects' sera. Both subgroups were genotyped for ANXA5 promoter haplotypes and genetic frequencies were compared to available fertile and control populations, as well as within the subgroups. Results M2/ANXA5 was generally enriched in the JEG-3 screened cohort of RPL patients in comparison to fertile and population controls. Despite the relatively higher abundance of the haplotype in the JEG-3 − sample as compared to JEG-3 + patients and in the JEG-3 − primary RPL subset in particular, compared to the rest of patients, there was no statistically significant difference between both, JEG-3 − and JEG-3 + subgroups. Conclusion It appears that the haplotype M2/ANXA5 is not associated with the presence of anti-trophoblast antibodies. Our finding indicates that anti-trophoblast antibodies are a class of molecules that differ from aPL and from anti-b2-GPI antibodies, apparently not directed to same or similar epitopes that aPL and anti-b2-GPI would recognize.
Prevalence of A2 and A2B Subgroups and Anti-A1 Antibody in Blood Donors in Jazan, Saudi Arabia
International Journal of General Medicine
Purpose: A 2 and A 2 B are rare phenotypes of the ABO blood group system. Some individuals with A 2 and A 2 B may have anti-A 1 antibodies that may be clinically significant or insignificant. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of A 2 , A 2 B phenotypes and anti-A 1 antibodies in blood donors in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. This study also evaluated the reactivity potential of anti-A 1 antibodies. Materials and Methods: Blood samples collected from 446 blood donors were typed for ABO (cell and serum grouping) and Rh D. Individuals with blood group A and AB were further subtyped by testing with anti-A 1 lectin. In addition to the serum grouping using A 1 red cells, A 2 and A 2 B individuals were screened for the presence of anti-A 1 in their sera against A 1 red cells at 4°C, 22°C and 37°C to determine the thermal amplitude of the reacting anti-A 1 antibody (if present). Results: Among A and AB, A 1 was the commonest phenotype (20.2%, n=90 out of 446) while A 1 B was found to be 1.8% (n=8) among AB phenotype. A 2 and A 2 B were found to be 2.2% (n=10) and 0.9% (n=4), respectively. Only one individual with A 2 B blood type showed cold reactive anti-A 1 antibody, the strength of which was 32. Conclusion: A 2 and A 2 B were the rarest among ABO phenotypes in the studied population. Although rare, anti-A 1 antibody is not so uncommon. Care shall be taken during routine ABO grouping especially in cases of mix-field or weak positive reactions in A and AB phenotypes.
Vox Sanguinis, 1990
This study was undertaken to test the widely held belief that higher levels of immune anti-A and anti-B are characteristic of Negro and Asian populations with a corresponding increased risk factor for ABO haemolytic disease of the newborn. Overall, 300 serum samples from male and female Asian, Caucasian and Negro blood donors in the North West Thames Region of groups A, B and 0 were collected. The sera were titrated in microplates against pooled group Al and pooled group B red blood cells. Although the results show that the highest levels for IgG anti-A and anti-B were found in group 0 female Negro donors, statistically these levels are not significantly higher than those of the other group 0 donors tested. We suggest that the potent anti-A and anti-B reported by others in Negro and Asian populations may arise from environmental rather than genetic factors.