What does a casino mean to a tribe (original) (raw)
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Using data from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census of Population and Housing, we examine five social and economic characteristics of individuals and households living on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico that have a casino to those that do not. This research differs in two ways from previous studies that have attempted to assess the social and economic impacts of Indian gaming. First, the unit of observation and analysis is the reservation, not a tribe. A focus on reservations allows us to assess the role casinos play in "place-based" economic development. Second, since reservations and tribes are not coterminous, we seek to differentiate the effects of casinos on the Indian population living on reservations from the effects for all reservation residents (Indians and others). The results show that casino gambling is associated with improvements in social and economic welfare for both the Indian and non-Indian populations alike. However, Indian gaming did not contribute to positive outcomes in all cases. Indeed, the effects of gaming are filtered through a myriad of structural and cultural contexts that shape who wins and who loses when a casino opens on a reservation. The implications of Indian gaming for economic development are discussed.
Gaming and displacement: winners and losers in American Indian casino development
International Social Science Journal, 2003
Using data from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census of Population and Housing, we examine five social and economic characteristics of individuals and households living on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico that have a casino to those that do not. This research differs in two ways from previous studies that have attempted to assess the social and economic impacts of Indian gaming. First, the unit of observation and analysis is the reservation, not a tribe. A focus on reservations allows us to assess the role casinos play in "place-based" economic development. Second, since reservations and tribes are not coterminous, we seek to differentiate the effects of casinos on the Indian population living on reservations from the effects for all reservation residents (Indians and others). The results show that casino gambling is associated with improvements in social and economic welfare for both the Indian and non-Indian populations alike. However, Indian gaming did not contribute to positive outcomes in all cases. Indeed, the effects of gaming are filtered through a myriad of structural and cultural contexts that shape who wins and who loses when a casino opens on a reservation. The implications of Indian gaming for economic development are discussed.
The Socioeconomic Impacts of a Native American Casino
1996
In this in-depth case study, input-output analysis, secondary data analysis, focus groups, and personal interviews were employed to investigate the local-level impacts of a Native American casino. Both impacts in the small, rural Midwestern town which hosts the casino and Tribal-level impacts were examined. Analysis suggests that the economic impacts in the host town are similar to those that might be associated with the introduction of any large employer. Employment and income have increased locally; business opportunities have been created; and some local public services, such as law enforcement, have been strained. The casino has also altered the character of the community, creating an atmosphere of a busy, tourist center in a previously quiet, rural town. The sudden change in the financial position of the Tribal members has resulted in a variety of unresolved cultural, social, and economic difficulties. Specific conflicts have arisen between the Tribe and the local community over issues such as the tax exempt status of the trust land on which the casino is located and payments in lieu of tax. Although the casino presents the unique opportunity for the Native American and non-Native American communities to engage in economic and community development plans together, they have not fully explored these options because of a lack of communication and understanding between the communities. It is useful to categorize gaming enterprises by their relative size and function. Noncommercial gaming used for fund-raising for non-profits, such as church bingo, can be considered charitable gaming. These games usually.offer small prizes and generate relatively small amounts of revenue. Small-scale gaming enterprises include river boat casinos, historic town casinos, and Native American casinos. These gaming enterprises have been introduced largely for the purpose of economic revitalization in depressed economic regions and are often highly regulated and restricted to specific geographical locations within states. They may offer high-stakes games and prizes, but do not generally generate the level of revenue and tourist draw that large-scale casinos do. Large-scale gaming enterprises are high-profile, high profit, commercial operations such as found in Las Vegas, Atlantic City, and Monte Carlo. Some casinos cross the boundaries of these categories. For example, the Foxwoods Casino is a Native American casino owned by the Pequot Mashantucket Tribe of Connecticut. Yet, it is also the largest single casino in the world and generates a large amount of revenue like a large-scale casino. 2 The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) of 1988 stipulates that federally recognized Native American tribes may operate high stakes gaming enterprises on federal trust land in states that allow gaming for any other purposes (such as state lotteries or cha. ritable gaming). IGRA requires each tribe to negotiate a gaming compact with the state that outlines the tribe's and state's roles in regulation of the gaming enterprise. 3 The case study town will be referred to as "Casino Town" throughout this analysis to maintain the town citizens' and tribes ' anonymity. The case study tribe will be referred to simply as the "Tribe.
Lands of Opportunity: Social and Economic Effects of Tribal Gaming on Localities
This report describes the social and economic effects of tribal government gaming operations on tribal and local governments in California, comparing changes in key indicators of well-being between 1990 and 2000 across tribal governments in California. It also contrasts these changes in California's tribal governments to those outside the state. These findings suggest that, on the whole, gaming operations have had beneficial effects on the tribes, on communities near gaming facilities, and on California more generally. In particular, the establishment of gaming has had beneficial effects on income levels, poverty rates, employment, and educational attainment. Further, these are progressive effects, meaning that poorer areas received larger benefits than more prosperous areas.
2000
This paper ascertains the sources of revenues for Native American casinos in Wisconsin. Based on an examination of the sources, implications for casino gaming as a statewide economic development tool are discussed. The analysis is based on interviews of visitors to several casinos in 1994. Among the findings are that: noncasino areas in Wisconsin experience a net loss of funds to areas containing the casinos; expenditures in other businesses in the areas containing the casinos are likely displaced; and lower-income individuals and the unemployed are more adversely affected by the availability of casino gambling in the state than others.
The Income and Health Effects of Tribal Casino Gaming on American Indians
Demography, 2012
The legalization of American Indian casino gaming in the late 1980s allows examination of the relationship between income and health in a quasiexperimental way. Revenue from gaming accrues to individual tribes and has been used both to supplement tribe members' income and to finance tribal infrastructure. We assembled annual data from 1988-2003 on tribal gaming, health care access (from the Area Resource File), and individual health and socioeconomic characteristics data (from the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System). We use this information within a structural, difference-in-differences framework to study the effect of casino gaming on tribal members' income, health status, access to health care, and healthrelated behaviors. Our difference-in-differences framework relies on before-after comparisons among American Indians whose tribe has at some time operated a casino and with-without comparisons between American Indians whose tribe has and those whose tribe has not initiated gaming. Our results provide identified estimates of the positive effect of gaming on American Indian income and on several indicators of American Indian health, health-related behaviors, and access to health care.
flows to this population create a unique opportunity to examine the elusive causal relationship between income and health in a quasi-experimental way. Net revenue from AI gaming accrues to individual tribes, and has been used for both income support to tribe members and for tribal infrastructure, such as health care facilities. Selected tribes have established gaming facilities, both because of varying state law and tribal heterogeneity. In our study, we report the before gaming-after gaming health status of members of tribes that have established gaming facilities, and the health status after gaming of members of gaming tribes with that of members of tribes without gaming. We have assembled annual data on tribal gaming over time, health access data from the Area Resource File, and individual health and socio-economic characteristics data from the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System from 1988-2003. Our results provide identified estimates of the effect of the presence of gaming (and implicitly the revenues derived from gaming) on individual AI health, health related behaviors, cash income, and poverty outcomes. Draft. July 31, 2008 DRAFT -DO NOT CITE WITHOUT AUTHOR PERMISSON 3 I.
New Mexico’s experience with Indian casinos and crime
American Journal of Criminal Justice, 2006
Gambling has been around forever. Yet we still know relatively little about the effect of gambling on the fabric of societies. Previous studies have attempted to explain the relationship between gambling and crime, but most have fallen short because the relationship is so complex and making the connection has been so difficult. In this paper we will examine the impact of Indian gaming on crime in the State of New Mexico. First, specific crime rates in New Mexico counties with tribal gaming are discussed. Second, comparisons of the rates of specific crimes are made between New Mexico counties with tribal gaming and those without.
Indian Gaming and Beyond: Tribal Economic Development and Diversification
2009
I. INTRODUCTION Economic development in Indian Country, the topic of this symposium issue, is nearly synonymous with tribal gaming. No other modern industry has had such a substantial economic impact on tribal economies, and no other tribal industry has made such significant contributions outside of tribal economies. Just two decades ago, as Congress deliberated over the bill that would become the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 (IGRA), (2) Indian gaming consisted of a few tribes' high-stakes bingo halls and card rooms in a handful of states. Today tribal gaming is one of the fastest growing segments of legalized gambling in the United States, fed by the robust demand for casino gaming. In 1988, Indian gaming in a few bingo halls earned about 121million;incalendaryear2007,revenuesfrom425gamingfacilitiesoperatedby230tribesin28statestopped121 million; in calendar year 2007, revenues from 425 gaming facilities operated by 230 tribes in 28 states topped 121million;incalendaryear2007,revenuesfrom425gamingfacilitiesoperatedby230tribesin28statestopped26.5 billion (3). How did Indian gaming become a multi-billion-dollar industry? What are its economic and fiscal impac...