Diagnosis of Orf in West African Dwarf Goats in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria (original) (raw)
Related papers
Molecular characterization of Orf virus in goats in Gabon, Central Africa
Virology Journal, 2016
Background: Orf or contagious ecthyma is a zoonotic viral infection with a potential serious health threat for the small ruminants industry as well as humans. It is currently emerging in new territories. Results: Eight suspected clinical cases of pustular dermatitis in goats occurred in the rural area of Tebe, in southeastern Gabon, in January 2013. The orf virus (ORFV) was detected by high-throughput sequencing on sera, buccal swabs and scab pool samples. It was confirmed in six out of eight sick goats by using specific PCR targeting the major envelope protein (B2L) and the orf virus interferon resistance (VIR) genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Gabonese strain and South Korean strains evolved from a common ancestor, suggesting an Asian origin of the ORFV' Gabonese strain. Conclusions: This study provides the molecular detection of the ORFV strain involved in the cases of pustular dermatitis in goats and highlights its circulation in Gabon.
Archives of Virology, 2017
Orf or contagious ecthyma is a neglected and economically important zoonotic disease caused by a dermatotropic parapoxvirus that commonly affects domestic small ruminants. Although orf is globally distributed, there is a paucity of information on the disease in many African countries. Here, a suspected severe outbreak of orf in goats at a farm in Lusaka was investigated. Orf virus (ORFV) infection was confirmed by PCR amplification of viral DNA (RNA polymerase, B2L and virus interferon-resistance genes) in clinical samples. Some detected genes were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. This is the first report on molecular characterization of ORFV in goats in Zambia. Orf virus (ORFV), taxonomically a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae and family Poxviridae, is the causative agent of orf, a disease that predominantly affects domestic small ruminants (sheep and goats) and occasionally other wild ruminants [1-3]. Other parapoxviruses include pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ), auzdyk virus and seal pox virus [4]. The parapoxviruses possess a linear double-stranded DNA genome ranging in size from 134-139 kbp [5]. Orf is also known as contagious pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth and contagious ecthyma [6]. Clinically, the disease is characterized by proliferative skin lesions (mostly seen on the face or mouth) which usually progress from erythematous macule to papule, vesicle, pustule and scab formation in 4-6 weeks [6]. Occasionally, orf can be severe, long-lasting and generalized [7, 8]. Generally, while the disease has a high morbidity rate which often approaches 100% in susceptible hosts, the mortality rate is usually less than 1%. However, fatal outcomes can be high due to the debilitating nature of the disease along with secondary bacterial or fungal infections. The disease is often more severe in goats than in sheep. Also, young animals tend to experience more fatalities, most probably due to their low immunity and/or starvation (as they often fail to suck or graze), as well as secondary infections which could compound the situation further. Fortunately, the disease is self-limiting with resolution of lesions within 1-2 months [9]. Notwithstanding, the economic impact of orf cannot be ignored. Small ruminant farmers may experience substantial economic losses as infected animals tend to be sickly and emaciated leading to increased veterinary costs. Orf predisposes animals to mastitis in cases where the udder or teats are affected and this could lead to losses, Nandi Mtine and Thoko F. Kapalamula contributed equally to this work.
Future Science OA, 2021
Aim: The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize orf virus isolated from clinical infections in goats in Sokoto metropolis. Materials & methods: Embryonated chicken eggs were used to isolate orf virus according to the established protocol. Viral DNA was extracted and full coding region of B2L gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, sequenced and blasted for identification and phylogenetically analyzed. Results and discussion: The B2L gene sequences of the isolate showed slight variability (96–98.7%) with the reference sequences as it clustered within the same clade with Korean, Zambian and Ethiopian strains, signifying a close genetic relationship. Unique amino acid substitutions were noted. This is the first genetic characterization of B2L gene of orf virus circulating in Nigeria. Conclusion: This study has provided in sight into the genetic diversity of orf virus in the study area.
Tropical Animal Health and Production
Orf virus (ORFV) causes an acute, contagious, skin disease of sheep and goats which is economically important. The objectives of this study were to identify ORFV and to explore its pathological and phylogenetic profiles in 350 goats and 91 sheep of 14 districts of Punjab, Pakistan, from July 2020 to July 2021. Skin scrapings (total no. of samples = 441) of suspected animals were subjected to polymerase chain reactions, phylogenetic analysis, and pathological observations. The partial length of GIF/IL-2 gene (408 bp) was successfully amplified in 58/441 samples. Phylogenetic analysis of GIF/ IL2 gene showed that the study isolates belonged to ORFV-cluster I, together with the viruses reported in India and China. Pakistan ORFV isolates were shared 97.6-98.7% nucleotide and 97.6-100% amino acid identities with the reference strain (NC_005336). Moreover, Chinese ORFV-isolates were detected unique multiple amino acid substitutions (F11L, Q21H, D27N, I46V, N49S, N82D, D103N, S129G) with study isolates. Naturally infected animals were anorexic, emaciated, dull, and depressed. The macroscopic lesions included multifocal to coalescing, ulceration followed by proliferative papules, pustules, and crust formation on the epidermis of gums, lips, mouth commissure, muzzles, nose, and udder. Histopathological examination revealed hyperplasia, anastomosing rete ridges formation and degenerative changes, including spongiosis and vacuolation of epidermal cells. Keratinocytes exhibited eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies with pyknotic and karyorrhexis nuclei. This is the first report on molecular characterization of ORFV from Pakistan, with insight into its pathogenesis and comparative analysis of pathological alterations and genetic diversity between ORFV strains reported in different geographical areas.
Orf disease in local goat; clinical and phylogenetic study in Al-Qadisiyah governorate, Iraq
Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences
This study aimed to diagnose orf virus ORFV from infected goats in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate of Iraq, using polymerase chain reaction and construction of phylogenetic tree. Clinical examination was made on 400 goats in different herds and crusty scabs were collected from forty infected goats. All scabs were subjected to (PCR), sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis involving the presence of GIF gene GM-CSF inhibitor factor, a characteristic gene of the ORFV. The typical proliferative skin lesion with overall orf prevalence results by PCR was 10% with low mortality rates and high significance variation with age and gender. Two positive PCR amplicons were sent for partial-genebased sequencing and Phylogenetic analysis. Multiple alignments of sequences presented close identities with two Iraqi global isolates of the virus. This study didn't only report novel sequences from the local orf virus isolates, but it also provides important data about transmission of local sheep orf virus into local goat during closely rearing and grazing and orf outbreak in small ruminant in Iraq might be suspected.
Agri Gene, 2019
Contagious ecthyma is a zoonotic disease, caused by the Orf virus (ORFV) affecting sheep, goats, and humans and is widely distributed across the world. In this study, we have investigated fifteen recent ORFV outbreaks in Black Bengal goats occurred in the Odisha state of India. The outbreaks were characterized by the high rates of morbidity (reaching up to 100%) without any mortality in the infected goats. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of four ORFV genes such as ORFV011, ORFV020, ORFV059, and ORFV108 was performed, which revealed that current isolates were closely related to Assam, China, Bangalore, and Meghalaya isolates, respectively, with some unique mutations. Finally, to get an insight into the global ORFV evolution pattern, population genetics parameters such as nucleotide diversity, haplotype diversity, selection pressure, and neutrality among these genes were estimated by comparing the GenBank database. We observed low haplotype as well as nucleotide diversity and purifying selection implying ORFV evolution globally. Contagious ecthyma caused by a parapoxvirus Orf (ORFV), a neglected zoonotic disease primarily affects small ruminants and animal handlers. ORFV is highly contagious and persists in the animals' remnants like wools, hides and animal excreta for months to years (Haig and Mercer, 1998). The disease is manifested by proliferative skin lesions like erythematous macule, papule, vesicle, pustule, and scab around the buccal cavity and usually get resolved within 1 to 2 months (Gökce et al., 2005). The high morbidity rate (approaching 100%) affects the herd economy by body weight loss in adults, and feebler kids (Haig and Mercer, 1998). Zoonosis leads to infections in animal handlers, and human infections are manifested by painful lesions in hand and can spread to other organs like face and genitals (Duchateau et al., 2013). Goats act as a potential animal resource for meat, milk, fiber, and skin throughout tropical and developing countries. The current investigation on ORFV outbreak is associated with Black Bengal goat breed, a highly prolific dwarf breed of goat with striking features like excellent mutton quality, early reproductive maturity, high prolificacy, and ability to thrive in hot and humid climatic conditions of Eastern India (Acharya, 1982). The occurrence of diseases and parasitic infestations is one of the major constraints for goat farming. Among these, Orf infections contribute towards substantial economic losses to the goat keepers. The ORFV bears a double-stranded DNA genome (134 to
Phylogenetic Analysis of ORF Virus from Goats in Tanzania: Short Communication
DOI: 10.13189/ujar.2016.040501, 2016
ORF virus is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV) in the family poxviridae. ORF virus is the causative agent of contagious pustular dermatitis which is a zoonotic and neglected disease of humans and small ruminants. It causes severe exanthematous dermatitis that afflicts domestic and small wild ruminants. Cases of ORFV infections in goats in Tanzania have been reported for many years. The basis of reporting ORFV cases were mainly on clinical signs with no confirmatory tests (Ministry of Livestock Development reports-Tanzania). In this study, a case of proliferative dermatitis in goats was confirmed using PCR. A physical examination of the animal was carried out and tissue scrapings were collected for molecular analysis in the laboratory. The presence of ORFV in tissue scrapings from the lips was tested by GIF/IL-2gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the GIF/IL-2 gene. The results of this study indicated that the disease was caused by infection with a virus which is closely and genetically related to several ORF virus found in the data base. This is the first report to provide phylogenetic information about the ORF virus in Tanzania, which will be useful in prospective public health studies.
Is orf infection a risk to expanding goat production in developing countries? A study from Lao PDR
Small Ruminant Research, 2017
Following increases in demand for goats in Laos and in adjacent Vietnam in Southeast Asia, reports of several outbreaks of suspected foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were investigated in September-October 2016 in four Lao rural villages. The investigation involved clinical and pathological examination of infected animals, plus interviews of goat smallholder farmers (n = 33). Serum (n = 32) and oral and facial lesion tissue (n = 8) samples were collected, with sera submitted for serological tests for FMD and tissues examined by histopathology. The sera were negative for FMD antibodies and histopathology confirmed the lesions were due to orf virus infection. Of the farmers interviewed, 25 indicated that several of their goats displayed clinical signs of oral or facial skin disease, with lesions extending from the lips and surrounding tissue extending occasionally to the ears, although they were unable to provide a reliable response on when the disease first occurred. Of the average infected herd size of 9 goats, 3 displayed clinical signs consistent with orf and one animal (less than six months of age) died from or with suspected orf infection. The investigation concluded that these outbreaks were due to orf infection and it was highly unlikely that previous or concurrent exposure to FMD virus was a contributing risk factor. Extension programs are required to assist smallholder goat farmers improve their knowledge and practice of goat health and production. With a rapidly increasing population of goats in smallholder and more recently commercial goat production systems in Laos, improved biosecurity to manage the risks of infectious diseases including orf, is advised.
Molecular characterization of orf virus from sheep and goats in Ethiopia, 2008–2013
Virology Journal, 2016
Background: Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (ORFV) a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Although orf is endemic in Ethiopia, little attention has been given so far as it is not a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. In this work, we have investigated orf outbreaks representing five different geographical locations of Ethiopia, in Amba Giorgis, Gondar zuria, Adet, Debre zeit and Adami Tulu, between 2008 and 2013. Results: The viral isolation and the sequence analysis of the A32L and the B2L genes of eighteen representative isolates confirmed that sampled animals were infected by ORFVs. The phylogenetic study and the comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid profile suggests that there were two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for the investigated outbreaks. Additionally the analysis of these two genes showed limited variability to ORFVs encountered elsewhere. This is the first report on the genetic characterization of the ORFV isolates from sheep and goats in Ethiopia. Conclusion: The molecular characterization of Ethiopian ORFV isolates highlighted the circulation of two main clusters causing orf disease in sheep and goats. The use of laboratory based methods and a constant monitoring of Ethiopian ORFV isolates is needed to better understand the dynamic of ORFV circulating in the country and facilitate the implementation of control measures.
Background: Orf virus (ORFV) is an important zoonotic parapox virus, with 100% morbidity. It affects mainly domesticated ruminants such as sheep and goats. This study determined the molecular epidemiology of ORFV local as well as imported sheep and goats in Nigeria and evolution of ORFV in Africa. Methods: A total of 30 small ruminants with orf were sampled in a livestock market Abuja Nigeria.Skin scabs from pathological tissues were collected and processed for viral genomic DNA. PCR and Sanger sequencing of B2L gene of ORFV. Phylogenetic analysis, phylogeography, and Bayesian skygird reconstruction (BSK), including mutational changes were performed on B2L gene sequences. Results: An ORFV positivity rate of 67% was determined from samples. Animals <2 years had the highest prevalence of 76.5%.Hundred percent attack rate was observed among the Uda and WAD breeds, followed by Niger 71.4%, Kano Brown 66.7%, Yankasa 25% and Balami 0% breeds. ORFV from Africa breeds clustered into 2 ma...