A revision of Petasiger Dietz, 1909 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) and a key to its species (original) (raw)

Abstract

Figures (22)

Table 1 Comparative data for Petasiger spp. with 27 collar spines level of cirrus-sac and posterior extremity; fields converge posterior to ventral sucker and testes, confluent dorsally in post-testicular region (3 para- types). Uterus short, containing 1-6 large eggs. Metraterm not observed.

Table 1 Comparative data for Petasiger spp. with 27 collar spines level of cirrus-sac and posterior extremity; fields converge posterior to ventral sucker and testes, confluent dorsally in post-testicular region (3 para- types). Uterus short, containing 1-6 large eggs. Metraterm not observed.

Figs. 1-3 Petasiger australis Johnston & Angel, 1941 ex Poliocephalus poliocephalus (Type AHC 40917). 1. Dorsal view. 2. Head collar. 3. Male terminal genitalia (paratype AHC 21699). Scale-bars: 1, 500 um; 2,3, 100 um

Figs. 1-3 Petasiger australis Johnston & Angel, 1941 ex Poliocephalus poliocephalus (Type AHC 40917). 1. Dorsal view. 2. Head collar. 3. Male terminal genitalia (paratype AHC 21699). Scale-bars: 1, 500 um; 2,3, 100 um

* Estimated from the published drawing

* Estimated from the published drawing

Figs. 7-9 Petasiger grandivesicularis Ishii, 1935 ex Tachybaptus ruficollis japonicus (MPM 22609, SY7001). 7. Ventral view 8. Head collar. 9. Terminal genitalia. Scale-bars: 7, 500 um; 8,9, 200 um

Figs. 7-9 Petasiger grandivesicularis Ishii, 1935 ex Tachybaptus ruficollis japonicus (MPM 22609, SY7001). 7. Ventral view 8. Head collar. 9. Terminal genitalia. Scale-bars: 7, 500 um; 8,9, 200 um

Figs. 14-16 Petasiger neocomense labelled as P. skrjabini Bashkirova, 1941 ex Anas crecca (types VIGIS 628 ). 14. Ventral view. 15. Head collars (virtually all spines oblique). 16. Terminal genitalia. Scale-bars: 14, 500 «um; 15,16, 200 um

Figs. 14-16 Petasiger neocomense labelled as P. skrjabini Bashkirova, 1941 ex Anas crecca (types VIGIS 628 ). 14. Ventral view. 15. Head collars (virtually all spines oblique). 16. Terminal genitalia. Scale-bars: 14, 500 «um; 15,16, 200 um

Table 3 Measurements of Petasiger neocomense ex Podiceps cristatus

Table 3 Measurements of Petasiger neocomense ex Podiceps cristatus

Table 3 continued grisegena in the Russian Far East (Oshmarin, 1950). Whereas the material of Issaitschikov (1927) agrees well with the characteristics of P. neocomense, a re-examination of the second lot of material revealed that it represents another species, P. os- chmarini Kostadinova & Gibson, 1998. Kostadinova & Gibson (1998) distinguished two groups of species possessing 19 collar spines with respect to the structure of the cirrus-sac and cirrus (i.e. elongate citrus-sac with a weakly developed pars prostatica and tubular cirrus vs a broadly-oval cirrus-sac, well- developed pars prostatica and bulb-like cirrus). P. neocomense clearly exhibits the features of the former group.

Table 3 continued grisegena in the Russian Far East (Oshmarin, 1950). Whereas the material of Issaitschikov (1927) agrees well with the characteristics of P. neocomense, a re-examination of the second lot of material revealed that it represents another species, P. os- chmarini Kostadinova & Gibson, 1998. Kostadinova & Gibson (1998) distinguished two groups of species possessing 19 collar spines with respect to the structure of the cirrus-sac and cirrus (i.e. elongate citrus-sac with a weakly developed pars prostatica and tubular cirrus vs a broadly-oval cirrus-sac, well- developed pars prostatica and bulb-like cirrus). P. neocomense clearly exhibits the features of the former group.

Table 4 Comparative data for Petasiger neocomense and related species

Table 4 Comparative data for Petasiger neocomense and related species

* Estimated from the published drawing

* Estimated from the published drawing

Figs. 17-19 Petasiger nitidus Linton, 1928 ex Podiceps auritus (USNPC 7920, types). 17. Dorsal view. 18. Head collar. 19. Terminal genitalia, dorso-lateral view. Scale-bars: 17, 500 um; 18,19, 200 um

Figs. 17-19 Petasiger nitidus Linton, 1928 ex Podiceps auritus (USNPC 7920, types). 17. Dorsal view. 18. Head collar. 19. Terminal genitalia, dorso-lateral view. Scale-bars: 17, 500 um; 18,19, 200 um

Figs. 20-21 Petasiger novemdecim Lutz, 1928 ex Podiceps dominicus speciosus (USNPC 72003, neotype). 20. Ventral view. 21. Head collar. Scale-bars: 20, 500 um; 21, 200 um differences are not sufficient to sustain the distinct

Figs. 20-21 Petasiger novemdecim Lutz, 1928 ex Podiceps dominicus speciosus (USNPC 72003, neotype). 20. Ventral view. 21. Head collar. Scale-bars: 20, 500 um; 21, 200 um differences are not sufficient to sustain the distinct

Figs. 22-24 Petasiger pungens (Linstow, 1894) ex Tachybaptus ruficollis (BMNH 1933.3.20.41-50). 22. Ventral view. 23. Head collar. 24. Variations in the location of the testes. Scale-bars: 22, 500 tm; 23, 200 um

Figs. 22-24 Petasiger pungens (Linstow, 1894) ex Tachybaptus ruficollis (BMNH 1933.3.20.41-50). 22. Ventral view. 23. Head collar. 24. Variations in the location of the testes. Scale-bars: 22, 500 tm; 23, 200 um

Table 5 Measurements of Petasiger pungens

Table 5 Measurements of Petasiger pungens

Table 5 continued spines. Indeed, the illustration shows a specimen of Petasiger with 19 collar spines (appearing somewhat ‘dissolved’ ) forming a dorsally uninterrupted row, with two groups of four angle spines which are larger than the remaining spines. Although Chishti & Mir (1989) stated the collar spines number to be 18—20, perhaps in an attempt to conform with the even number of spines in Echinochasmus, their description agrees well with P. pungens. and ventral sucker, the smallest length of the prepharynx and oesophagus, and greatest width of the testes (Kostadinova, Gibson & Gubanyi, 1997). Multivariate statistical methods applied by the latter authors yielded a 100% accurate identification of the three species.

Table 5 continued spines. Indeed, the illustration shows a specimen of Petasiger with 19 collar spines (appearing somewhat ‘dissolved’ ) forming a dorsally uninterrupted row, with two groups of four angle spines which are larger than the remaining spines. Although Chishti & Mir (1989) stated the collar spines number to be 18—20, perhaps in an attempt to conform with the even number of spines in Echinochasmus, their description agrees well with P. pungens. and ventral sucker, the smallest length of the prepharynx and oesophagus, and greatest width of the testes (Kostadinova, Gibson & Gubanyi, 1997). Multivariate statistical methods applied by the latter authors yielded a 100% accurate identification of the three species.

Table 6 Comparative data for Petasiger pungens

Table 6 Comparative data for Petasiger pungens

Table 6 continued * Estimated from the published drawing; ** Data from Fuhrmann (1927)

Table 6 continued * Estimated from the published drawing; ** Data from Fuhrmann (1927)

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (108)

  1. species have been placed in this genus. Of these, 23 species [P. pungens (Linstow, 1894), P. exaeretus Dietz, 1909, P. megacanthus (Kotla ´n, 1922), P. neocomense Fuhrmann, 1927, P. lobatus Yamaguti, 1933, P. minutissimus Gogate, 1934, P. grandivesicularis Ishii, 1935, P. longicirratus Ku, 1938, P. nicolli Pande, 1939, P. phalacrocoracis (Yamaguti, 1939), P. coronatus Mendheim, 1940, P. hospitale [sic] (Mendheim, 1940), P. skrjabini Bashkirova, 1941, P. antigonus Nigam, 1944, P. jubi- larum Elperina in Skrjabin, Petrov & Bashkirova, 1947, P. spasskyi Oshmarin in Skrjabin, Petrov & Bashkirova, 1947, P. aeratus Oshmarin in Skrjabin, Petrov & Bashkirova, 1947, P. baschkirovi Ablasov & Iksanov, 1959, P. soochowensis Ku, Chiu, Li & Zhu, 1977, P. laricola Ku, Chiu, Li & Zhu, 1977, P. tient- sinensis Ku, Chiu, Li & Zhu, 1977, P. oschmarini Kostadinova & Gibson, 1998 and P. islandicus Kosta- dinova & Skirnisson, 2007] were described from the Palaearctic, seven species [P. nitidus Linton, 1928, P. novemdecim Lutz, 1928, P. chandleri Abdel-Malek, 1952, P. floridus Premvati, 1968, P. pseudoneoco- mense Bravo-Hollis, 1969, P. caribbensis Nassi, 1980 and P. combesi Zamparo, Overstreet & Brooks, 2005] from the New World, two species [P. inopinatus Baer, 1959 and P. variospinosus (Odhner, 1910)] from
  2. Africa, and one species (P. australis Johnston & Angel, 1941) from Australia (see, inter alii, Yamaguti, 1971; Gibson, Bray & Harris, 2005). Two further species were listed by Yamaguti (1971): 'P. yamagutii Nigam, 1944', a species of Patagifer Dietz, 1909, which was included apparently in error; and 'P. magniovatus (Stossich, 1898) Pande, 1939' is unrecognisable and a species dubia. There has been considerable discussion in the literature on the morphological criteria used for species discrimination, as well as whether groupings at subgeneric level exist. Bashkirova (1941) erected Neopetasiger Bashkirova, 1941 to accommodate the species with an aberrant location of the testes (i.e. oblique and symmetrical) with the type-species P. skrjabini Bashkirova, 1941. She allocated the forms with tandem testes to the subgenus Petasiger (with the type-species P. exaeretus). In an independent analysis of the genus, Mendheim (1943) erected a new genus, Navicularia Mendheim, 1943 to accommodate a similarly defined group of species (P. grandivesicu- laris, P. minutissimus, P. neocomense, P. nitidus, P. novemdecim and P. variospinosus) with oblique or is distinguished by its: (i) body shape (maximum width slightly anterior to the ventral sucker); (ii) relatively small spines; (iii) forebody shorter than hindbody; and (iv) short cirrus-sac (\200 lm), which is entirely anterior to the ventral sucker. Petasiger pungens (Linstow, 1894) Fuhrmann, 1927 Syns Distomum pungens Linstow, 1894; Ech- inoparyphium brevicauda Ishii, 1935; Petasiger lobatus Yamaguti, 1933; P. laricola Ku, Chiu, Li & Zhu, 1977 (new synonymy);
  3. P. neocomense Fuhr- mann, 1927 of C ˇankovic ´, Kaz ˇic ´& Milka (1983);
  4. Echinochasmus fotedari Chishti & Mir, 1989 (new synonymy) Material studied Ex Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas), Lake Durankulak, Bulgarian Black Sea coast, 20 specimens (BMNH 1998.8.24.7-9). Ex Podiceps nigricollis Brehm, Senne ´, Slovakia, 9 specimens (MC No. 1288).
  5. Ex T. ruficollis (Pallas), Ve ´konybe ´l, Hungary, 1 specimen (HNHM No. 232).
  6. Ex T. ruficollis (Pallas), England, 4 specimens (BMNH 1944.11.14.111-120).
  7. Ex P. fluviatilis Gerbe [syn. of T. ruficollis], UK, 2 specimens (BMNH 1933.3.20.41-50; 1927.3.9.104-
  8. Records References: 1. von Linstow (1894);
  9. Fuhrmann (1927);
  10. Ishii (1935, as Echinoparyphium brevic- auda);
  11. Yamaguti (1933, 1939, as Petasiger lobatus);
  12. Prudhoe (1945);
  13. Macko (1959);
  14. Odening (1962, 1965);
  15. Sey (1967);
  16. Zhatkanba- eva (1971, as P. brevicauda and P. lobatus);
  17. Ku et al. (1977, as P. laricola);
  18. C ˇankovic ´, Kaz ˇic ´& Milka (1983, as P. neocomense);
  19. Borgarenko (1984, as P. brevicauda);
  20. Chen et al. (1985, as P. brevicauda and P. lobatus);
  21. Kostadinova et al. (1988);
  22. Chishti & Mir (1989, as Echinochasmus fotedari);
  23. T. ruficollis poggei (13);
  24. Podiceps nigricollis (6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16);
  25. P. grisegena (9);
  26. P. auritus (12); Larus ridibundus (10); Gallinula chloropus (13). Distribution: Europe: Germany (type-locality: See- burger See) (1, 2, 7), UK (5), Slovakia (6, 15), Hungary (8, 15), former Yugoslavia (11), Bulgaria (14, 15, 16);
  27. Asia: Japan (3, 4), Kazakhstan (9), China (10, 13), Tadjikistan (12), India (15). Description (Figs. 22-24; Tables 5, 6)
  28. 1a Collar spines 19 ............................................... 6 1b Collar spines [19 ............................ .............. 2 2a Collar spines 23. Three angle spines on each ventral lappet ................................................... 3 2b Collar spines 27. Four angle spines on each ventral lappet ................................................... 4 3a Body \1,500 lm. Ventral sucker equatorial, almost as wide as body. Testes small, oblique. Vitelline fields extend into forebody ................. ....................................................... P. minutissimus 3b Body [1,500 lm. Ventral sucker pre-equato- rial, with width c.1/3 of body width. Testes large, tandem. Vitelline fields reach level of anterior testis …...................... P. soochowensis 4a Body elongate, small (BL \2,500 lm; BW \500 lm). Ventral sucker pre-equatorial. Vitel- line fields reach to level of ventral sucker ........................................................................... 5 4b Body pyriform, large (BL [2,500 lm; BW [700 lm). Ventral sucker equatorial or post- equatorial. Vitelline fields reach to level of intestinal bifurcation .... ................ P. exaeretus 5a Body fusiform. Testes oblique, smaller than eggs ........................................ P. variospinosus 5b Body elongate; hindbody with almost parallel margins. Testes tandem, much larger than eggs ............................................. P. phalacrocoracis 6a Cirrus-sac elongate-oval. Cirrus long, tubular .......................................................................... 7
  29. Cirrus-sac large, broadly oval. Cirrus bulb-like .......................................................................... 9
  30. 7a Testes oblique or symmetrical. Ventral sucker and cirrus-sac large in relation to body (VSBW = 0.53-0.87; CSBW = 0.19-0.37). Sucker-ratio 1: 2.4-4.5 .............................................................. 8 7b Testes tandem. Ventral sucker and cirrus-sac smaller in relation to body (VSBW \0.40; CSBW B0.15). Sucker-ratio 1:1.75 .................. ................................................... P. megacanthus 8a Cirrus-sac massive ([300 9 200 lm), wide in relation to ventral sucker (CSVW = 0.70). Cirrus length [500 lm .................................. P. nitidus
  31. Cirrus-sac smaller (\300 9 200 lm), narrower (CSVW = 0.25-0.49). Cirrus length \350 lm .................................................... P. neocomense 9a Very small worms with eggs large in relation to body size ......................................................... 10 9b Relatively large worms with eggs small in relation to body size ........................................ 12 10a Body \500 lm. Angle spine length 40-46 lm ............................................. P. johnstoni n. sp. 10b Body [500 lm. Angle spine length [50 lm ....................................................................... 11
  32. 11a Vitelline follicles large; fields confluent in forebody. Anterior limits of vitelline fields in first third of body (VITB = 0.19-0.31). Eggs \90 lm .................. P. grandivesicularis 11b Vitelline follicles small; fields non-confluent in forebody. Anterior limits of vitelline fields at level of ventral sucker (VITB = 0.41-0.47). Eggs [90 lm ................................ P. australis 12a Body robust, large, elongate-oval, widest pos- terior to ventral sucker ................... P. pungens 12b Body small, fusiform, widest at level of ventral sucker or more anterior ................................ 13
  33. 13a Testes transversely-elongate, tandem ........... 14 13b Testes round or elongate-oval, oblique ....... 15
  34. Cirrus-sac wide in relation to body and ventral sucker (CSBW = 0.58; CSVW = 1.07). Oesoph- agus long (ODIV = 0.27). Forebody and hind- body of same length ..................... P. novemdecim 14b Cirrus-sac narrow in relation to body and ventral sucker (CSBW = 0.28; CSVW = 0.49). Oesophagus short (ODIV = 0.11-0.15). Forebody longer than hindbody .... P. combesi 15a Maximum angle spine length [140 lm. Max- imum dorsal spine length [110 lm ............. 16 15b Maximum angle spine length \110 lm. Max- imum dorsal spine length \90 lm .............. 17 16a Maximum cirrus width \150 lm. ODIVB = 0.30-0.37. Eggs 77-92 9 46-56 lm ............... ..................................................... P. islandicus 16b Maximum cirrus width [250 lm. ODIVB = 0.26. Eggs 60-70 9 40-45 lm ....... P. floridus
  35. Cirrus-sac long (length [200 lm), anterodor- sal to ventral sucker. CSVW = 0.85-1.17. Forebody longer than hindbody. Cirrus massive (width [126-216 lm) .............. P. oschmarini 17b Cirrus-sac shorter (length 158-180 lm), entirely anterior to ventral sucker. CSVW = 0.60-0.66. Forebody shorter than hindbody (FO/HI \0.85). Cirrus not as large (width \110 lm) ..................... P. pseudoneocomense References Abdel-Malek, E. (1952a). Cercaria chandleri, a new echinos- tome species from the snail Helisoma corpulentum in Lake Itasca, Minnesota. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 71, 277-281.
  36. Abdel-Malek, E. (1952b). Life history of Petasiger chandleri n. sp. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from the piedbilled grebe, Podilymbus podiceps podiceps. Journal of Para- sitology, 38, 39.
  37. Abdel-Malek, E. (1953). Life history of Petasiger chandleri (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from the piedbilled grebe, Podilymbus podiceps podiceps, with some comments on other species of Petasiger. Journal of Parasitology, 39, 152-158.
  38. Ablasov, N. A., & Iksanov, K. I. (1959). A new species of Petasiger Dietz, 1909, from Phalacrocorax carbo L. Trudy Instituta Zoologii i Parazitologii Akademii Nauk Kirgizskoi SSR, 7, 147-151 (in Russian).
  39. Baer, J. G. (1959). Helminthes parasites. Exploration des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, 1, 1-163.
  40. Bashkirova, E. Y. (1941). Bird echinostomatids in the USSR with a review of their life-cycles. Trudy Bashkirskoi Nauchnoissledovatel'skoi Veterinarnoy Opitnoy Stantsii, 3, 243-300 (in Russian).
  41. Beaver, P. C. (1939). The morphology and life history of Petasiger nitidus Linton. Journal of Parasitology, 25, 269-276.
  42. Bisseru, B. (1957). On three known trematodes from African birds, with notes on the genera Typhlocoelum, Parypho- stomum and Petasiger. Journal of Helminthology, 31, 173-186.
  43. Borgarenko, L. F. (1984). Helminths of birds of Tadzhikistan.
  44. Trematodes. Dushanbe: 'Donish', 207 pp (in Russian).
  45. Bravo-Hollis, M. (1969). Petasiger (Neopetasiger) pseudon- eocomense sp. nov. Echinostomatidae Poche, 1926) del intestino de Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence) de Bahia de Todos Santos, Baja California. Anales del In- stituto de Biologı´a. Universidad Nacional Autono´ma de Me´xico, 40, Ser. Zool., 15-20.
  46. Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I. E. (1978). To the systematics of the family Echinostomatidae Dietz, 1909 (Trematoda). Parazitologicheskiy Sbornik, 28, 16-28 (in Russian).
  47. C ˇankovic ´, M., Kaz ˇic ´, D., & Milka, R. (1983). Helmintofauna vodenih ptica iz familije Podicipidae Skadarskog jezera. Digeni trematodi. II. Familija: Echinostomatidae Dietz, 1909. Veterinaria (Sarajevo), 32, 181-193.
  48. Chen, H.-T., et al. (1985). Fauna Sinica. Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Digenea (I). Beijing: Science Press, 697 pp (in Chinese).
  49. Chishti, M. Z., & Mir, A. A. (1989). On a new species of the genus Echinochasmus (Echinochasmus) Dietz, 1909 (Echinostomatidae: Echinochasminae Odhner, 1911) from the little grebe, Podiceps ruficollis capensis in Kashmir. Indian Journal of Helminthology, 41, 141-145.
  50. Davies, E. (1934). On the anatomy of the trematode Petasiger exaeretus Dietz, 1909, from the intestine of Phalacroco- rax carbo. Parasitology, 26, 133-137.
  51. Dietz, E. (1909a). Die Echinostomiden der Vo¨gel. Inaugural- Disertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwu ¨rde der Philo- sophischen Fakulta ¨t der Albertus-Universita ¨t zu Ko ¨nigsberg, 39 pp.
  52. Dietz, E. (1909b). Die Echinostomiden der Vo ¨gel. Zoologi- scher Anzeiger, 34, 180-192.
  53. Dietz, E. (1910). Die Echinostomiden der Vo ¨gel. Zoologische Jahrbu¨cher, 12, S256-S512.
  54. Fuhrmann, O. (1927). Petasiger neocomense nov. sp. Une nouvelle espe `ce d'Echinostomides. Bulletin de la Socie´teŃ euchaˆteloise des Sciences Naturelles (Novelle se ´rie), 1, 3-6. Gibson, D. I., Bray, R. A., & Harris, E.A. (Compilers) (2005). Host-parasite database of the Natural History Museum, London. www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/host- parasites/.
  55. Gogate, B. S. (1934). On trematodes from wild ducks in Rangoon. Records of the Indian Museum, 36, 139-144.
  56. Ishii, N. (1935). Studies on bird trematodes. III. Bird trema- todes in Japan (continued). IV. Seven new bird trema- todes. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine, 13, 275-284.
  57. Iskova, N. I. (1985). Fauna of Ukraine. Trematoda (Vol. 34, 198 pp.). Kiev: Naukova Dumka (in Russian).
  58. Issaitschikov, I. M. (1927). VIII. Russian helminthological expedition in the Crimea. In Reports of the 28th Hel- minthological Expeditions in the USSR. Moscow, pp. 110-125 (in Russian).
  59. Johnston, T. H. (1942). Trematodes from Australian birds. I. Cormorants and darters. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 66, 226-242.
  60. Johnston, T. H., & Angel, L. M. (1941). Life history of the trematode, Petasiger australis n. sp. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 65, 285-291.
  61. Karmanova, E. M. (1971). The life cycle of Petasiger neoco- mense (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae). Trudy Gel ˇminto- logicheskoy Laboratorii, 21, 31-35 (in Russian).
  62. King, P. H., & Van As, J. G. (2000). Morphology and life history of Petasiger variospinosus (Trematoda: Echinos- tomatidae) in the Free State, South Africa. Journal of Parasitology, 86, 312-318.
  63. Kostadinova, A. (1997). A comparative study of cercarial chaetotaxy in two species of Petasiger Dietz, 1909 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). Systematic Parasitology, 37, 105-110.
  64. Kostadinova, A. (1999). First record of Petasiger grandive- sicularis Ishii, 1935 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in Germany. Helminthologia, 36, 101-103.
  65. Kostadinova, A. (2005). Family Echinostomatidae. In A. Jones, R. A. Bray, & D. I. Gibson (Eds.), Keys to the Trematoda (Vol. 2, pp. 9-64). Wallingford: Natural History Museum, London and CAB International.
  66. Kostadinova, A., & Chipev, N. (1992). Experimental data on the life-cycle of Petasiger grandivesicularis Ishii, 1935 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Systematic Parasitology, 23, 55-65.
  67. Kostadinova, A., Chipev, N., & Genov, T. (1988). Trematodes of grebes (Podicipedidae) from northeastern Bulgaria. I. Species composition and morphology of the trematodes belonging to the families Cyclocoelidae, Echinostomati- dae and Notocotylidae. Khelmintologia, 26, 10-25.
  68. Kostadinova, A., & Gibson, D. I. (1998). Petasiger oschmarini n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in the grebes Podiceps grisegena (Bod.) and P. auritus (L.) (Aves: Podicipedi- dae) from Kamchatka, Russia. Systematic Parasitology, 39, 49-57.
  69. Kostadinova, A., Gibson, D. I., & Gubanyi, A. (1997). Mor- phometric discriminant analysis of three species of Petasiger Dietz, 1909 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). Parasite, 4, 311-318.
  70. Kostadinova, A., & Matska ´si, I. (1994). A new geographical record of Petasiger grandivesicularis Ishii, 1935 (Dige- nea: Echinostomatidae). Parasitologia Hungarica, 27, 39-44.
  71. Kostadinova, A., & Skirnisson, K. (2007). Petasiger islandicus n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in the horned grebe Podiceps auritus (L.) (Aves: Podicipedidae) from Iceland. Systematic Parasitology, 68, 217-233.
  72. Kotla ´n, A. (1922). Beitra ¨ge zur Kenntnis der Trematoden. Zoologische Jahrbu¨cher, 45, 565-576.
  73. Ku, C.-T. (1938). New trematodes from Chinese birds. Peking Natural History Bulletin, 13, 129-136.
  74. Ku, C.-T., Chiu C., Li M., & Zhu H. (1977). Three new species of the umbel-leaf-shaped echinostomes, subgenus Pet- asiger (Petasiger) (family Echinostomatidae) from some Chinese birds. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 23, 80-87 (in Chinese, English summary).
  75. Linton, E. (1928). Notes on trematode parasites of birds. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 73, 1-36.
  76. Lutz, A. (1928). Estudios de zoologia y parasitologia ven- ezolanas. Rio de Janeiro, 133 pp.
  77. Macko, J. K. (1959). K helmintofaune pota ´pkovity ´ch vta ´kov na vy ´chodnom Slovensku. C ˇeskoslovenska´Parasitologie, 6, 127-158.
  78. Mehra, H. R. (1980). The fauna of India and adjacent coun- tries. Platyhelminthes (Vol. 1, 418 pp). Delhi: Zoological Survey of India.
  79. Mendheim, H. (1940). Beitra ¨ge zur Systematik und Biologie der Familie Echinostomatidae (Trematoda). Nova Acta Leopoldina, 8, 489-588.
  80. Mendheim, H. (1943). Beitra ¨ge zur Systematik und Biologie der Familie Echinostomatidae. Archiv fu¨r Naturges- chichte, 12, 175-302.
  81. Moravec, F., Nas ˇincova ´, V., & Scholz, T. (1988). New records of helminth parasites from cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo (L.)) in Czechoslovakia. Folia Parasitologica, 35, 381-383.
  82. Nas ˇincova ´, V., Moravec, F., & Scholz, T. (1993). Trematodes of the common cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) in the Czech Republic. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslo- vacae, 57, 31-46.
  83. Nas ˇincova ´, V., Scholz, T., & Moravec F. (1993). The life cycle of Paryphostomum radiatum (Dujardin, 1845) (Trema- toda: Echinostomatidae), a parasite of cormorants. Folia Parasitologica, 40, 193-201.
  84. Nas ˇincova ´, V., Scholz, T., & Moravec, F. (1994). Redescription of Petasiger exaeretus Dietz, 1909 and P. phalacrocoracis (Yamaguti, 1939) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae), parasite of cormorants. Systematic Parasitology, 27, 139-147.
  85. Nasir, P., Gonzales, G. T., & Dı ´az, M. T. (1972). Freshwater larval trematodes. XXX. Life cycle of Petasiger novem- decim Lutz, 1928. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 39, 162-168.
  86. Nassi, H. (1980). Donne ´es experimentales sur le cycle bio- logique de Petasiger caribbensis n. sp. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) parasite larvaire de Biomphalaria glabrata en Guadeloupe. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Compare´e, 55, 41-55.
  87. Nigam, V. V. (1944). New trematodes of the family Echinos- tomatidae (Part II) Genus Petasiger. University of Allahabad Studies, Biological Section, 1944, 1-8.
  88. Odening, K. (1962). Trematoden aus einheimischen Vo ¨geln des Berliner Tierparks und der Umgebung von Berlin. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 81, 419-468.
  89. Odening, K. (1963). Echinostomatoidea, Notocotylata und Cyclocoelida (Trematoda, Digenea, Redioinei) aus Vo ¨geln des Berliner Tierparks. Bijdragen tot de Dierk- unde, 33, 37-60.
  90. Odening, K. (1965). Zur Trematodenfauna der einheimischen Lappentaucher und des Blesshuhns. Abhandlungen und Berichte fu¨r Naturkunde und Vorgeschichte, 11, 119- 132.
  91. Odhner, T. (1910). Nordostafrikanische Trematoden, gro ¨ss- tenteils vom weissen Nil. I; Fascioliden. Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile. 1901 under the direction of L. A. Ja¨gerskio¨ld, 23A, 1-170.
  92. Oshmarin, P. G. (1950). On the helminth fauna of birds from the Far East. Trudy Gel'mintologicheskoy Laboratorii, 3, 166-179 (in Russian).
  93. Pande, B. P. (1939). Two new species of trematodes from Anhinga melanogaster, the Indian darter or snake-bird.
  94. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India, 9, 22-28.
  95. Premvati, G. (1968). Echinostome trematodes from Florida birds. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 35, 197-200.
  96. Prudhoe, S. (1945). On two echinostome trematodes from grebes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11(ser. 2), 1-8.
  97. Sey, O. (1967). Adatok vadone ´lo ¨madaraink parayita fe ´r- egfauna ´ja ´hoz (II. re ´sz Trematoda). Acta Academiae Peadagogicae in Civitate Pe´cs, 11, 47-65.
  98. Skrjabin, K. I., Petrov, A. M., & Bashkirova, E. Y. (1947). Echinostomes of domestic and game birds of the USSR. In K. I. Skrjabin (Ed.), Trematodes of animals and man. Osnovy Trematodologii, 1, 392-489 (in Russian).
  99. Skrjabin, K. I., & Bashkirova, E. Y. (1956). Family Echinos- tomatidae. In K. I. Skrjabin (Ed.), Trematodes of animals and man. Osnovy Trematodologii, 12, 501-546 (in Russian).
  100. Ukoli, F. M. A. (1968). Eurycephalus sp. and two other echi- nostomes from birds in Ghana. Ghana Journal of Science, 8, 52-62.
  101. von Linstow, O. (1894). Helminthologische Studien. Jenaische Zeitschrift fu¨r Naturwissenschaft, 28, 328-342.
  102. Yamaguti, S. (1933). Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part I. Trematodes of birds, reptiles and mammals. Jap- anese Journal of Zoology, 5, 1-134.
  103. Yamaguti, S. (1939). Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part XXV. Trematodes of birds, IV. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 8, 129-210.
  104. Yamaguti, S. (1971). Synopsis of digenetic trematodes of ver- tebrates (Vols. 1, 2, 1074 pp). Tokyo: Keigaku Publishers.
  105. Yamashita, J. (1938). Studies on the Echinostomatidae. Part III. On Paryphostomum radiatum (Dujardin) Dietz, 1909 and Petasiger exaeretus Dietz, 1909, from the intestine of the Japanese cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo hanedale Kuroda, in Japan. Botany and Zoology, Tokyo, 6, 1085- 1088.
  106. Yanchev, Y., Vasilev, I., Iskova, N. I., & Genov, T. (1984). A contribution to the trematode fauna of the wild birds in Bulgaria. In I. Vasilev (Ed.), Faunae, taxonomy and ecology of helminths on birds (pp. 188-205). Sofia: Pub- lishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (in Bulgarian).
  107. Zamparo, D., Overstreet, R. M., & Brooks, D. R. (2005). A new species of Petasiger (Digenea: Echinostomatiformes: Echinostomatidae) in the brown pelican, Pelecanus occi- dentalis, (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Pelecanidae), from the Area de Conservacio ´n Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Journal of Parasitology, 91, 1465-1467.
  108. Zhatkanbaeva, D. (1971). Some rare species of trematodes in fish eating birds in Kazakhstan. Izvestiya AN Kazakhskoy SSR, Seria Biologicheskaya, 1, 50-53 (in Russian).