Public Toilets between Greece and Rome: a Neglected Aspect of the Roman Revolution’, w: Greco-Roman Cities at the Crossroads of Cultures. The 20th Anniversary of Polish-Egyptian Conservation Mission Marina el-Alamein, red. G. Bąkowska-Czerner, R. Czerner, Oxford 2019 s. 246-253 (original) (raw)
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Toilets of Rome: Water Supply and Drainage
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Journal of Roman Studies, 2019
The rediscovery of the Baths' decorative sculpture and ornamentation through time is discussed in ch. 2. G. draws attention to the movement and recycling of materials: the sculptures of the Farnese collection in the Archaeological Museum of Naples, the capitals reused in Santa Maria in Trastevere in Rome and in the Duomo of Pisa, and the colossal column from the frigidarium which now stands in Piazza Santa Trinita in Florence, to cite just a few examples. This chapter includes a short catalogue of all the decorative materials recovered from the Baths, of either known or uncertain setting within the ancient building (62-75). A longer, descriptive catalogue of the freestanding sculpture can be found in a separate appendix at the end of the book (271-388). The main body of discussion is developed throughout chs 3-5. Bearing in mind that only part of these materials can be associated with specic sectors of the bath complex, G. nevertheless manages to undertake a very scrupulous analysis. Her study is praiseworthy as it looks at the whole of the building's decorative programme, including sculpture, architectural ornament, mosaics and furnishings. Major statuary groups, such as the Hercules Farnese, the Latin Hercules and the Farnese Bull, are not just examined as individual masterpieces of sculpture, but are also set in their respective display contexts together with the rest of the decoration. Images of military power recurred across the entire building, from shield-shaped motifs on the mosaics to thunderbolts and eagles on the column capitals. The author recognises such images as a distinctive feature of Caracalla's political agenda, likening their ideological effect, perhaps quite ambitiously, to those of Augustus' Res Gestae and Trajan's Column (112-26). Another interesting observation concerns the repetition of images in the various rooms of the Baths (165-72). In the frigidarium, bathers walking from the antechamber into this hall would have seen two statues of Hercules on either side; after raising their heads, they would have spotted a small-size version of the same image on the gured capitals on top of the columns. The existence of groups of other deities (Venus, Bacchus, Mars, Virtue/Roma and Fortuna) on the preserved capitals may suggest the presence of analogous, large-size statues that are now lost. The strong connection between water architecture and military power is better understood when one considers the Baths of Caracalla within the urban context where they were placed (210-41). In the Severan period, the area of Porta Capena became a fulcrum of imperial building activities with the construction of the Septizodium, the Baths of Septimius Severus (probably to be located along the Via Appia at the foot of the Caelian) and the Baths of Caracalla. These buildings formed a homogeneous group in terms of architectural language and would have been clearly identied by people who entered the city from this direction, including ordinary travellers, members of the urban elites and soldiers, as well as the emperor and his household during the celebration of triumphs over the enemies of Rome. In conclusion, both books under review address (with different emphases) important aspects of art, architecture, decoration and display in the Roman world. K.'s study of temple pediments in Rome is a fundamental collection of the extant material evidence, which is now made available in a single monograph to the benet of all scholars. With regard to the Baths of Caracalla, while this building and its ornamentation had been examined in previous studies, G. has the great merit of approaching this topic by looking at the monument, its wide range of decorative materials, urban setting and history as a whole. These two studies are therefore welcome initiatives which mark a clear progress of research in the eld of Roman art and architecture.
Private toilets in Roman Italy: an overview
In this essay I analyse the archaeological evidence of private toilets in Italy and I make a comparison with the public ones. In the category of private toilets I included rooms founded in private houses, in some workshop and finally in some big villas. I used the label “domestic” and “private” for latrines that were used by a selected number of people, mainly who lived and worked there.
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Conference: Urban life and the built environment in the Roman world - Leiden, 7-9 December 2016
This conference builds upon recent and ongoing discourse in the study of Roman urbanism to explore the relation between architecture and society in the Roman world. While recent decades have seen spectacular developments in the theories and concepts that inform the study of Roman urbanism, not all spheres of urban life have profited equally, a lot of discourse has gravitated around a limited number of showcase sites (particularly Pompeii and Ostia), and there have been relatively few attempts to draw links with the world beyond Central Italy. This conference focuses on four spheres of activities—religion, politics, commerce, and movement—and brings together specialists focusing on several parts of the Roman world, with a particular focus on the more densely urbanized regions in the Mediterranean. Approaches will vary between micro-scale and more wide-ranging, and issues on the agenda particularly include the identification of regional trends, and the impact of urban development on local communities. Confirmed speakers include Touatia Amraoui, Marlis Arnhold, Eleanor Betts, Chris Dickenson, Elizabeth Fentress, Miko Flohr, Annette Haug, Patric-Alexander Kreuz, Simon Malmberg, Stephan Mols, Eric Moormann, Cristina Murer, Candace Rice, Amy Russell, Saskia Stevens, Christina Williamson, Andrew Wilson, and Sandra Zanella. A detailed program can be found below the break. PROGRAMME Wednesday 7 December Gravensteen (Pieterskerkhof 6), Room 1.11 I. Urban life between theory and practice Chair: Eric Moormann, Radboud University 14:15 – 14:45 Introduction: Urbanism, urban space, and urban life (Miko Flohr, Leiden University) 14:45 – 15:30 Multisensory approaches to Roman urban space (Eleanor Betts, Open University (UK)) 16:00 – 16:45 Emotion and the City: the example of Pompeii (Annette Haug, University of Kiel) 16:45 – 17:30 Rome – the Moving City: Approaches to the Study of Urban Space (Simon Malmberg, University of Bergen) Thursday 8 December Gravensteen (Pieterskerkhof 6), Room 0.11 II. Urbanism and the sacred Chair: Tesse Stek, Leiden University 10:00 – 10:45 Urbanizing the sacred landscape. Rural sanctuary complexes in Asia Minor (Christina Williamson, Groningen University) 11:15 – 12:00 Religion in the urbs: Defining the special case of Imperial Rome beyond the political centre (Marlis Arnhold, University of Bonn) 12:00 – 12:45 The Economy of the Sacred (Elizabeth Fentress, Rome). III. Landscapes and Citizens Chair: Luuk de Ligt, Leiden University 14:00 – 14:45 Topographical permeability and dynamics of public space in Roman Minturnae (Patric-Alexander Kreuz, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Amman) 14:45 – 15:30 Statues and public life in the cities of Roman Greece: Athens, Corinth and Messene (Chris Dickenson, University of Oxford) 16:00 – 16:45 Political space and the experience of citizenship in Republican Rome: monumentality, interpellation, and performance (Amy Russell, Durham University) 16:45 – 17:30 Female Citizens and Cityscaping in Africa Proconsularis (Cristina Murer, Free University, Berlin) Friday 9 December Gravensteen (Pieterskerkhof 6), Room 0.11 IV. Landscapes of Interaction Chair: Nathalie de Haan, Radboud University Nijmegen 09:30 – 10:15 The urban borderscape as an arena for social, political and cultural interaction (Saskia Stevens, University of Utrecht) 10:15 – 11:00 I risultati delle recenti indagini in una zona suburbana di Pompei. Per una rilettura del dato topografico (Sandra Zanella, Université Montpellier – Labex Archimede) 11:30 – 12:15 Roman roads as indicators of urban life: the case of the Via Appia near Rome (Stephan Mols & Eric Moormann, Radboud University Nijmegen) 12:15 – 13:00 The commercial landscape of Roman ports (Candace Rice, University of Edinburgh) Chair: Tyler Franconi, University of Oxford 14:00 – 14:45 Urban workshops in Roman Africa: location, ownership and management (Touatia Amraoui, Casa de Velázquez, Madrid) 14:45 – 15:30 Fora and commerce in Roman Italy (Miko Flohr, University of Leiden) V. Concluding Remarks & General Discussion Chair: Tyler Franconi, University of Oxford 16:00 – 16:20 Concluding Remarks (Andrew Wilson, University of Oxford) 16:20 – 17:00 General Discussion