The entrepreneur from a cognitive approach (original) (raw)

2011, Psicothema

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Abstract

The cognitive approach to the study of entrepreneurs emerged as a new option to the trait orientation because although the latter has produced important results, many of these have been clearly contradictory, generating the displacement of researchers to other personal aspects of the individual Boucknooghe, Van den Broeck, Cools, & Vanderheyden, 2005;.

Examining the Formation of Entrepreneurial Activities through Cognitive Approach

Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 2017

There have been questions how entrepreneurs think, act and why individuals become entrepreneurs. The trait-based explanation of entrepreneurial activities has been main stream. However, the trait-based theory has been criticized because it assumes that entrepreneurial traits are inherited, stable and enduring over time. This research accepts the cognitive theory to see how entrepreneurs learn or accept others' values, how entrepreneurial perceptions of opportunity impact entrepreneurial actions and how individuals acquire the social legitimation of the formation of entrepreneurial activities. In order to capture the attitudes, activities and motivations of people who are involved in entrepreneurial activities, the author uses the GEM Korea 2016 data. The data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM) has been well known for the data to capture individuals early-stage entrepreneurial activities. This paper used the sample from the APS(Adult Population Survey) of the GEM which was completed by a representative sample of two thousand adults in Korea by the qualified survey vendor, with strict procedures and oversight by the GEM central data team. The hypotheses are tested with logit regression analysis to estimate the probability of the influence of perceptual variables such as individual perception in social learning, the opportunity recognition in the environment, and social legitimation in the entrepreneurial activities. Based on the results, individuals tend to have high entrepreneurial activities if individuals have high self-efficacy. Also, the existence of role models around the entrepreneurs encourages the individuals involve in entrepreneurial activities more however the perception of opportunity in the environment is not strongly associated with entrepreneurial activities. The media exposure of successful entrepreneurs is more important than others' perception of entrepreneurs on the desirable career option or respect from communities. This paper can contribute to the cognitive processes, particular perception about oneself, as well as perception which is impacted by a community or a society.

Exploring the Link Between Entrepreneurial Capabilities, Cognition, and Behaviors

Cognitione Foundation, 2021

The papers in this volume explore the links between entrepreneurial capabilities, cognition, and behaviors, adopting a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches. Mensah, Asamoah, and Saghedi perform extensive literature review regarding how cognitive skills and personal traits complement each other in affecting the entrepreneur’s decisions to discover or create opportunities in an uncertain environment. They contribute with an integrated approach to entrepreneurial choices, considering both cognitive and personal characteristics, as well as creation and discovery of opportunities. This conceptual basis for a comprehensive conditions in entrepreneurs choices has been specified in the form of propositions for future research. Flechas, Kozesinski, and Camargo focus on capability perspective in entrepreneurial choices, in particular, on the role of absorptive capacity (AC) in new ventures. Using a systematic literature review, they identify links between AC and knowledge, innovation, and performance dimensions. The study proposes theoretical input to the knowledge on the role of absorptive capacity in the context of newly created companies, and thus it broadens the entrepreneurship and innovation research. It is also informative for the practice of innovation processes in new firm, identifying potential firm strategies in this area. The paper by Kovanen explores collaborative approach in social entrepreneurship. A systematic literature review enabled knowledge accumulation and structuring the major theoretical approaches in the field. The author finds ambiguity in the construct of collaboration in social enterprise, and difficulties to measure this phenomenon. Besides the synthesis of the field, the study contributes with critical review of conceptual grounds of collaboration in social entrepreneurship. Nuryakin broadens extant confirmatory studies on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It supports significance and positive relationships between the referred constructs in the context of furniture SMEs in central Java. Structural equation modeling enabled additional identification of the mediating effect from relational capabilities on the core relationship studied. Nuryakin expands the extant evidence on the strategic role of entrepreneurial orientation in business performance and strengthens theoretical generalization in this regard. Doanh studies the entrepreneurial motivations and cognitions of Vietnamese students. The author investigates interrelations between self-efficacy, attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention to run a business. Unlike the majority of extant research, this study finds entrepreneurial intention (EI) affected by subjective norms both directly and indirectly. Self-efficacy proved insignificant as moderator between subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. However, it performed this role between attitude towards entrepreneurship and EI. This study supports the theory of planned behavior by conforming and nuancing it in the context of Vietnamese would-be entrepreneurs. Following the focus on entrepreneurial intention, Liu and Liang offer in-depth and qualitative investigation of EI’s antecedents with a focus on social entrepreneurial intention (SEI). Unlike the earlier referred studies, which adopted either literature reviews or quantitative approaches, this research uses the case study method. Based on a comprehensive theoretical framework of EI, entrepreneurial event theory and theory of planned behavior, the authors describe, illustrate and explain antecedents of SEI. The paper contributes with an analytical generalization and corroboration of the theoretical framework of SEI with two additional drivers of knowledge capital and work experience, as well as with related conceptual and practical implications. Another qualitative and in-depth investigation of entrepreneurial motivations and attitudes is focused on specialty coffee businesses in Bangkok, Thailand, and Penang, Malaysia. Azavedo and Gogatz use explorative interviews and they report findings that challenge classical economics assumptions on income and profit maximization. Instead, they find lifestyle and professional passion as dominant motivations. The study supports the view on non-monetary motivations of entrepreneurs and offers theoretical redefinition of entrepreneurial passion as professional excellence or craft passion. Moreover, it is informative for policy-makers and educators. This thematic issue also hosts two articles published based on the general call for papers. Although not directly linked with the major topics of the current volume, they are valuable for the understanding of entrepreneurship context. Rodríguez-Castro and Aparicio undertake the issue of measuring performance of higher education institutions. They adopt extensive literature review to identify the production models in higher education vis a vis related policy objectives. Moreover, the authors identify types of performance measures, however, they find the means of accomplishing objectives by universities largely underexplored. The paper contributes with the conceptual framework of evaluation functions and capabilities that might be relevant for educational policy and institutions of higher education. Pilelienė and Tamulienė investigate consumer choices, in particular the attitudes and behaviors towards organic products, as well as their determinants, in the context of the Lithuanian market. The research broadens the knowledge of consumer choices towards organic goods in the specific national context, and it shows discrepancy between the environmental awareness, the knowledge of qualities of organic products, and purchasing decisions. The results are informative both for business and consumer agents, as well as for policy-makers.

The Personality Approach Towards Entrepreneurship Development

Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021

Entrepreneurship development requires behaviors interaction to be related to particular personality traits. Personality traits characteristics predict a large portion of entrepreneurial behaviors. The creation of an entrepreneur should played an active role in stimulating personality traits approach. The progression of entrepreneurship should use more radical theories and systematic approaches. The personality traits and entrepreneurs is about to shared experience of entrepreneurs towards goals orientation. The current study demonstrates that cognitive capacity must be taken into account in research on entrepreneurial development and economic growth.

METHODS AND TOOLS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL THINKING – A CRITICAL REVIEW

Entrepreneurship means much more than an increase in output and income per capita. It includes the initiation and establishment of a change in business and society as a whole. Therefore, the study of entrepreneurial activity and the role of the entrepreneur is of great importance for today's society. The environment in which we live today is characterized by ever-present change. Everything is fast and volatile, the way of life, creating and working. Business organizations operate in a very complex and dynamic environment. Because of the dynamics and uncertainty of the environment, managers of today's businesses are required to have a proactive, entrepreneurial way of thinking. In order to adopt it, first the proactive way of thinking should be clearly defined. The aim of this study is to determine the efficiency and accuracy of existing tools for measuring entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial thinking. On the basis of these findings to define the entrepreneurial with the goal of its more efficient adoption. Qualitative research methods were used- analysis of secondary databases, and overview and a critical review of recent theoretical discussions. There is a growing scientific interest of psychology in entrepreneurial thinking through analysis of behaviour of management in conditions of uncertainty and dynamism. It uses a variety of methods and tools. In this paper, through an analysis of the existing literature, we will present the analysis of the Entrepreneurial Predisposition Questionnaire (UPS) which was formed by combining the "General measure of Enterprising Tendency” (GET test) and Koh's questionnaire as well as questionnaires of Mike Haynie "General Measure of Adaptive Cognition". Critical analysis of the results of these questionnaires in the synthesis with the theoretical discussion in this paper may serve as an aid for vocational guidance or as an educational tool that can direct respondents to traits that are associated with entrepreneurship. Keywords: entrepreneurial thinking, Entrepreneurial Predisposition Questionnaire , GET test, cognitive flexibility, questionnaire "General Measure of Adaptive Cognition ".

An Axiological Measure of Entrepreneurial Cognition

International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 2019

Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to expand the recent lines of inquiry into entrepreneurial cognition by focusing on the structure of values as an important aspect of cognition. Value theory, or axiology, posits that the capacity to value and to make value judgments is a distinctly human function – one that is a higher order process than is pure cognition alone. Design/methodology/approach – This study is designed as a quantitative discovery. A well-established assessment instrument from the field of value science is used to measure deep-seated, evaluative thought patterns for a sample of founders of early stage startups and a comparative sample of senior managers. Value structures underlying cognition for individuals across these samples are compared to reveal both similarities and differences between the groups. Findings – This study identifies a cognitive process underlying opportunity recognition, evaluation andexploitation, known as integration. This study finds that entrepreneurs have stronger capacities forintegrative thinking than do managers. In contrast to other published research, this study finds that early stage entrepreneurs are not characterized by hubris, an inflated sense of self-efficacy, nor an exceptional capacity for action. Originality/value – This paper extends the study of entrepreneurial cognition by applying an empirical measure of the foundational levels of cognition. It reveals heretofore unarticulated differences, as well as similarities, between entrepreneurs and managers. Keywords Entrepreneurs, Decision making, Cognition, Opportunity recognition Paper type Research paper

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The Cognitive Perspective in Entrepreneurship: An Agenda for Future Researchj oms_922 1443..1477

Despite its many achievements, scholarship at the intersection of entrepreneurship and cognition has focused primarily on the consequences of what happens when an entrepreneur benefits from various cognitive characteristics, resources, or other dispositions. As such, cognitive research in entrepreneurship continues to suffer from narrow theoretical articulations and weak conceptual foundations that lessen its contribution to the managerial sciences. To address these issues, we draw from extant work on the nature and practice of cognitive research to develop a systematic approach to study entrepreneurship cognition. To further articulate this agenda, we assess the state of the field by content-analysing entrepreneurship cognition articles published between 1976 and 2008. We find that, although it has investigated many relevant variables, research on entrepreneurship cognition has failed to fully articulate key conceptual features of the cognitive perspective. Building on these observations, we propose concrete strategies and research questions to augment the contribution of entrepreneurship cognition research, and advance this research beyond its current focus on 'cognitive consequences'. In particular, we illustrate the scholarly potential of disentangling the various antecedents of entrepreneurship cognition, of studying the process interactions between cognitive resources and mental representations, and of exploring the operation of entrepreneurship cognition across levels of analysis.

Toward An Integration of the Behavioral and Cognitive Influences on the Entrepreneurship Process

Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2015

Research summary: Entrepreneurs develop innovations, fulfill customer needs, and spur economic growth by recognizing, evaluating, and exploiting opportunities. Despite progress, scholarly understanding of how entrepreneurs achieve these objectives may be incomplete. For instance, little explanation exists for why entrepreneurs may pursue activities seemingly at random, nor is there a clear endpoint to the entrepreneurship process. To address these concerns, we present a framework that integrates sensemaking and structuration perspectives to specify the cognitive and behavioral influences on the entrepreneurship process. Within this framework, entrepreneurs ultimately pursue opportunities through developing and deploying capabilities to create value for customers.

The Cognitive Perspective in Entrepreneurship: An Agenda for Future Research

Journal of Management Studies, 2011

Think Entrepreneurially. Entrepreneurs vs Non-Entrepreneurs Cognitive Profiles

International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 2018

Many recent contributions try to identify the way of thinking of individuals who pursue entrepreneurial careers. This study aims at investigating the cognitive styles (i.e., the stable preferred way to thinking by an individual) of a sample of entrepreneurs (vs. non-entrepreneurs.) According to Sternberg’s theories and based on the previous researches it is assumed that some cognitive styles better describe the entrepreneurial way of thinking. Through a discriminant analysis, this assumption has been assessed on an Italian sample of 276 participants (147 entrepreneurs and 129 non-entrepreneurs.) The data show that the anarchical (i.e., a random approach to problems, by sometimes drawing up connections that the others would not be able to establish), legislative (i.e., the free decision of what to do and how to do it), internal (i.e., the inclination towards autonomy for the performance of tasks) and liberal style (i.e., the tendency to deviate from the way in which things are curren...

Toward a comprehensive measure of entrepreneurial mindset

2019

Objective Our objective is to build a comprehensive measure to assess the “entrepreneurial mindset.” It is first important to note that this is not the old “entrepreneurial personality” wine in a new and more attractive bottle. In our view, “mindset” includes elements traditionally considered to be narrow personality traits, elements that are broad personality dispositions, elements that are much more typically considered cognitive processes, and still others that are behavioral dispositions rooted in interactions with other people. To keep our arguments clear, we treat these influences on behavior as if they were independent of one another. Prior Work Interest in the psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs grows naturally from recognition that (a) not all people elect to pursue that career path, and (b) not all who do attain equal measures of success. Why do these differences exist? Psychological approaches include one based on personality characteristics, one based on socio...

Entrepreneurial cognition or judgment: The management and economics approaches to the entrepreneur's choices

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation

Entrepreneurial cognition or judgment: Management and economics approaches to the entrepreneur's choices

ournal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 2021

Purpose: The explanation of entrepreneurial choices is relevant for efficient resource allocation and wealth of individuals and societies. The economics and management studies in entrepreneurship present both complementary and alternative views on the antecedents of entrepreneurial decisions and actions. This paper aims to synthesize this discussion, propose the processual and configurational approach that bridges the extant views, as well as to present the contribution of the papers in this issue to exploring the link between entrepreneurial cognition and choices. Methodology: Based on the narrative literature review, we present the major constructs describing how entrepreneurs make judgments under uncertainty and select particular decisions and actions. Then, we suggest how these differing assumptions can be adopted within processual view, as well as based on the configurational approach to judgments and actions of entrepreneurs. Findings: The research included in this issue treats the concepts of entrepreneurial discovery and creation as complementary rather than alternative. Moreover, the referred studies acknowledge the role of capabilities, personal traits and entrepreneurial cognition in enterprise performance and intentions to run a business. Additional value of this issue is a broad picture of the context and related contingencies, such as geographical location, industrial and firm idiosyncrasies, as well as economic development and social awareness levels in particular locations. Implications for theory and practice: This paper synthesizes the extant discussion on the antecedents of entrepreneurial choices, and proposes processual and configurational approaches to bridge theoretical perspectives in this research field. Originality and value: We contribute to the literature on entrepreneurial choices by proposing the conceptual links between judgments and

Societal Influence on the Cognitive Aspects of Entrepreneurship

International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change, 2015

Social history in last century has witnessed a transformation not experienced in any period before. How people are affected - what sort of characteristics individuals have – how they try to handle situation is multi-perspective. Understanding inter-societal and interpersonal relationship systems that are based on fluctuation and competition issues have been studied thoroughly. But, the role of entrepreneurship in dealing with competition has drawn researchers' extensive interest of late. Entrepreneurship is associated with the fields of administration, business, management and economics. However, in reality it is multi and interdisciplinary, with psychology having a bearing on the growth of entrepreneurship concept as is used with the broader meaning today. Through grounded research and content analysis, the core of this paper is to sketch out and understand how societal influence affects the cognitive aspects of entrepreneurship.

The Psychology of the Successful Entrepreneur

The entrepreneurship development is mainly due to the entrepreneurial motivation. Motivation of entrepreneurs is influenced by the external as well as internal environmental factors. Though there is no research study which reveal the extent with which the entrepreneurs are motivated by these two environments it is found that the entrepreneurial motivation is due to the influence of both the external and internal environmental factors. The psychological behaviours of the entrepreneurs are also equal playing its role while motivating the entrepreneurs, which are also discuss here. This paper also helps entrepreneurs to identify the different business opportunities and growth of the existing business. A real entrepreneur is a person who generally motivated by intrinsic psychological and also economic rewards. He indigenously tries an entrepreneurial venture for his personal satisfaction in work, ego or status. This paper reviews the psychological literature on entrepreneurs. Assessment and generalizations for the entrepreneurs are risky since there is no definite population of entrepreneurs. Psychological characteristics: In the modem days a suitable entrepreneurial culture must be created by developing healthy work environment and modem attitude towards work giving social recognition etc. These factors will give psychological stimulus which in turn promotes innovation, inspiration, ethics and values which are essential for successful entrepreneurs. The psychological behaviours of the entrepreneurs are also playing a vital role while motivating the entrepreneurs.

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