HPV protein/peptide vaccines: from animal models to clinical trials (original) (raw)
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Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus [Working Title]
Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus, 2018
Cervical cancer is by far the most common HPV-related disease. About 99.7% of cervical cancer are caused by persistent genital high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Worldwide, cervical cancer is one of the most common cancer in women with an estimated 528,000 new cases reported in 2012. Most HPV infections clear spontaneously but persistent infection with the oncogenic or high-risk types may cause cancer of the oropharynx and anogenital regions. The virus usually infects the mucocutaneous epithelium and produces viral particles in matured epithelial cells and then causes a disruption in normal cell-cycle control and the promotion of uncontrolled cell division leading to the accumulation of genetic damage. There are currently two effective prophylactic vaccines against HPV infection in many developed countries and these comprise of HPV types 16 and 18, and HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 virus-like particles. HPV testing in the secondary prevention of cervical cancer is clinically valuable in triaging low-grade cytological abnormalities and is also more sensitive than cytology as a primary screening. If these prevention strategies can be implemented in both in developed and developing countries, many thousands of lives could be saved.
Vaccines against human papillomavirus: perspectives for controlling cervical cancer
Expert Review of Vaccines, 2007
Prophylactic vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) are on the market and will certainly reduce the incidence of genital warts and the risk of developing cervical cancer. In addition, they will contribute to reducing anal as well as head and neck cancers. However, effort should be made in the short term in order for these vaccines to have a real impact in the developing world, where almost 80% of cervical cancer cases occur. Since the available vaccines include only two of the HPV types found in cancers (approximately 70%), improvements in current mass screening programs -with the use of molecular techniques -must be made, particularly in developing countries. Therapeutic vaccines have been designed to control advanced lesions and residual illness and, although success has usually been obtained in animal models, clinical studies have not yet provided the anticipated results. Finally, the next generations of prophylactic HPV vaccines will probably include subunit vaccines, transgenic bacteria and plants, among others, and could represent useful and cheaper alternatives for reducing cervical cancer, particularly in the developing world.
Human papillomavirus, vaccines, and protection from cervical cancer
Saudi Medical Journal, 2012
Current published data makes clear the relationship between genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer. Although there is an opportunity for screening programs that could obviate the disease, cervical cancer still remains the second most common cancer among women worldwide. The subtypes HPV 16 and 18 affect the anogenital tract mucosal surfaces, and accounts for nearly 70% of all cervical cancers, and 90% or more of anal cancer cases. When the 493,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 274,000 deaths per year are taken into consideration, the importance of treatment and prophylaxis modalities for HPV can clearly be recognized. With the molecular and epidemiological studies that have focused on the oncogenicity and immunobiological structure of HPV, the main strategy is to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Here, recent data concerning HPV infections and vaccination is discussed.
The role of human papillomavirus vaccines in cervical neoplasia
Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2001
Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in women, in some developing countries accounting for the highest cancer mortality. The evidence for the association of high-risk human papillomavirus types with the aetiology of cervical neoplasia is ®rmly established, human papillomavirus being detected in virtually all cervical cancers. The risk of progression of precursor cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia lesions is associated with persistence of human papillomavirus infection. One strategy for the management of cervical neoplasia worldwide could be the development of prophylactic and/or therapeutic human papillomavirus vaccines. This chapter will discuss the natural history of human papillomavirus infection, viral immunity and the clinical course of resultant disease as the background to the eective design and use of human papillomavirus vaccines for protection or therapy. The progress of ongoing phase I and II clinical trials for several dierent vaccine preparations and the challenges for establishing their future use will be discussed.
Journal of Oncology, 2019
Viral infections contribute as a cause of 15-20% of all human cancers. Infection by oncogenic viruses can promote different stages of carcinogenesis. Among many types of HPV, around 15 are linked to cancer. In spite of effective screening methods, cervical cancer continues to be a major public health problem. ere are wide differences in cervical cancer incidence and mortality by geographic region. In addition, the age-specific HPV prevalence varies widely across different populations and showed two peaks of HPV positivity in younger and older women. ere have been many studies worldwide on the epidemiology of HPV infection and oncogenic properties due to different HPV genotypes. However, there are still many countries where the population-based prevalence has not yet been identified. Moreover, cervical cancer screening strategies are different between countries. Organized cervical screening programs are potentially more effective than opportunistic screening programs. Nevertheless, screening programs have consistently been associated with a reduction in cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Developed countries have achieved such reduced incidence and mortality from cervical cancer over the past 40 years. is is largely due to the implementation of organized cytological screening and vaccination programs. HPV vaccines are very effective at preventing infection and diseases related to the vaccine-specific genotypes in women with no evidence of past or current HPV infection. In spite of the successful implementation of the HPV vaccination program in many countries all over the world, problems related to HPV prevention and treatment of the related diseases will continue to persist in developing and underdeveloped countries.
Human papillomavirus infections: new perspectives for prevention and treatment
The new microbiologica, 2007
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been recognized as the main etiologic agent of cervical cancer and other anogenital neoplasms, and a leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. In the last twenty years, extensive research has contributed to document the molecular mechanisms of virus persistence and malignant transformation, confirming a direct role of viral proteins in these processes. A clear understanding of the molecular epidemiology of HPVs and the availability of powerful molecular diagnostic techniques have provided the background for prevention strategies of HPV-related carcinomas. Since these viruses are highly prevalent in the general population, strict screening programs are still necessary. Recently, major breakthroughs have emerged from immunological studies. Indeed, these studies have paved the way for medical treatment of HPV infections and provided the first highly effective preventive vaccines. For these principal reasons, the time has come for a great effort to...
Cervical cancer: epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papillomavirus infection
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2001
Organized screening has contributed to a decline in cervical cancer incidence and mortality over the past 50 years. However, women in developing countries are yet to profit extensively from the benefits of screening programs, and recent trends show a resurgence of the disease in developed countries. The past 2 decades have witnessed substantial progress in our understanding of the natural history of cervical cancer and in major treatment advances. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now recognized as the main cause of cervical cancer, the role of coexisting factors is better understood, a new cytology reporting terminology has improved diagnosis and management of precursor lesions, and specific treatment protocols have increased survival among patients with early or advanced disease. Current research has focused on the determinants of infection with oncogenic HPV types, the assessment of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines and the development of screening strategies incorporat...