Changes in predation and parasitism of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) populations in Spain following establishment of Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (original) (raw)
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Biological Control, 2004
A program of introduction of exotic parasitoids for the biological control of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was carried out in Val e encia (Spain) between 1996 and 1999. Eleven species of parasitoids were imported through a total of 37 shipments coming from nine countries. Six species were released in the field, the encyrtid Ageniaspis citricola (Logvinosvskaya), and the eulophids Quadrastichus sp., Semielacher petiolatus (Girault), Galeopsomyia fausta LaSalle, Cirrospilus ingenuus (Gahan), and Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan). A. citricola was recovered in summer in many release points, reaching nearly 50% of parasitism and dispersing more than 300 m, but it was not able to overwinter. Quadrastichus sp. and S. petiolatus established temporarily in some sites, but produced little differences in parasitism or density of host population. In 1999, a substantial expansion of C. phyllocnistoides of more than 30 km in all directions was observed from one release point. In 2000 and 2001 this parasitoid expanded to all citrus grown in continental Spain and the Balear Islands, becoming the most abundant parasitoid in all the orchards, and displacing native and other introduced parasitoids. As a consequence, parasitism on second instars increased from less than 16% to 65% and on third instars from 35-38% to 59%. Overall, the mean percentage of parasitism increased from 20-25% to near 60%. Apparently, C. phyllocnistoides reduced by 34% the number of eggs and early instars of the host, and by 72% the number of adults. Damage to citrus foliage decreased by 56%.
Biological Control, 2004
The parasitoid assemblage associated with the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was studied in citrus orchards in eastern Spain over a 7-yr period (1995Ð2001) after the leafminerÕs introduction in 1994. In total, 11,587 adult native parasitoids were collected. To evaluate parasitism, 93,846 live immature stages of the citrus leafminer were observed, of which 21,460 (22.9%) were found to be parasitized. The parasitoid complex recruited around P. citrella was typical for invader hosts: lower species richness, generalized habits, idiobiont strategy, and low to moderate rates of parasitism. Two of the 10 species reared from the citrus leafminer, Pnigalio sp. and Cirrospilus brevis Zhu, LaSalle and Huang, accounted for Ͼ90% of the parasitoids. Native parasitoids moved onto the invading host rapidly, except for C. brevis, which required 3 yr to become common and widespread. In other leafminer species from plants in the vicinity of citrus orchards, the proportion of P. citrella parasitoids was higher in woody (69.7%) than in herbaceous plants (22.2%). The high population levels reached by the new pest, associated with a negative density dependence response of the parasitoids at these high population levels, suggest that the native parasitoid assemblage exerted only a limited role in regulating the population of the new host.
Environmental Entomology, 2005
The parasitoid assemblage associated with the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was studied in citrus orchards in eastern Spain over a 7-yr period (1995Ð2001) after the leafminerÕs introduction in 1994. In total, 11,587 adult native parasitoids were collected. To evaluate parasitism, 93,846 live immature stages of the citrus leafminer were observed, of which 21,460 (22.9%) were found to be parasitized. The parasitoid complex recruited around P. citrella was typical for invader hosts: lower species richness, generalized habits, idiobiont strategy, and low to moderate rates of parasitism. Two of the 10 species reared from the citrus leafminer, Pnigalio sp. and Cirrospilus brevis Zhu, LaSalle and Huang, accounted for Ͼ90% of the parasitoids. Native parasitoids moved onto the invading host rapidly, except for C. brevis, which required 3 yr to become common and widespread. In other leafminer species from plants in the vicinity of citrus orchards, the proportion of P. citrella parasitoids was higher in woody (69.7%) than in herbaceous plants (22.2%). The high population levels reached by the new pest, associated with a negative density dependence response of the parasitoids at these high population levels, suggest that the native parasitoid assemblage exerted only a limited role in regulating the population of the new host.
A survey of parasitoids of the Citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), was carried out in more than 100 citrus orchards located within 60 km of Valencia. Orchards were sampled all along the citrus growing season from 1995 to 2001. Ten different species were found. The two main species, Pnigalio sp and Cirrospilus brevis Zhu, LaSalle and Huang represented more than 90% of the adults identified. The parasitoids originated from native leafminers living mostly on woody plants. The preferred stages for parasitism were third (27-38% of parasitism rate) and fourth instars (30-53%). Second instar and pupae were less parasitized (10 and 5%, respectively). A program of introduction of exotic parasitoids was carried out between 1996 and 1999. Through a total of 37 shipments coming from nine countries, six species were released in the field. Ageniaspis citricola (Logvinosvskaya) established temporarily but was unable to overwinter. Between 1999 and 2001 Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan) expanded to all citrus orchards grown in continental Spain and the Balear Islands, becoming the most abundant parasitoid and displacing native and other introduced parasitoids. Parasitism on second instars increased to 65% and foliar surface damage by the citrus leafminer decreased by 56%.
Environmental Entomology, 2005
The parasitoid assemblage associated with the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was studied in citrus orchards in eastern Spain over a 7-yr period (1995Ð2001) after the leafminerÕs introduction in 1994. In total, 11,587 adult native parasitoids were collected. To evaluate parasitism, 93,846 live immature stages of the citrus leafminer were observed, of which 21,460 (22.9%) were found to be parasitized. The parasitoid complex recruited around P. citrella was typical for invader hosts: lower species richness, generalized habits, idiobiont strategy, and low to moderate rates of parasitism. Two of the 10 species reared from the citrus leafminer, Pnigalio sp. and Cirrospilus brevis Zhu, LaSalle and Huang, accounted for Ͼ90% of the parasitoids. Native parasitoids moved onto the invading host rapidly, except for C. brevis, which required 3 yr to become common and widespread. In other leafminer species from plants in the vicinity of citrus orchards, the proportion of P. citrella parasitoids was higher in woody (69.7%) than in herbaceous plants (22.2%). The high population levels reached by the new pest, associated with a negative density dependence response of the parasitoids at these high population levels, suggest that the native parasitoid assemblage exerted only a limited role in regulating the population of the new host.
Biological Control, 2000
The incidence of generalist indigenous natural enemies of the citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera; Gracillariidae), was monitored during three growing seasons at two different orchards located in the major citrus-growing area of Spain. Composition of the parasitoid complex changed during the study period. However, the eulophids Cirrospilus near lyncus Walker and Pnigalio pectinicornis L. were consistently the predominant species. Despite the varying composition of the parasitoid complex, oviposition, host feeding, and predatory preferences of the natural enemies of the CLM clearly centered on third instar larvae. Incidence of beneficial fauna increased as the season progressed, reaching maximal values up to 70% of susceptible leafminers (mature larvae) at the end of the summer. Parasitism was significantly related to relative host density. However, predation showed no relationship to host availability but did so to flushing in one of the orchards. Incidence of indigenous natural enemies of the CLM should not be ignored when planning any introduction of exotic parasitoids, and their conservation should be taken into account when planning any citrus IPM strategy.
2006
A survey of parasitoids of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), was carried out in the citrus orchards in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey during 1995-2001. Their relative abundance and rate of parasitism were also determined. Ten species of parasitoids were identified: Cirrospilus sp. nr. lyncus (Walker), C. pictus (Nees), C. variegatus (Masi), C. vittatus Walker, C. ingenuus Gahan, Ratzeburgiola incompleta (Boucek), Diglyphus isaea (Walker), Semielacher petiolatus (Girault), Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan), Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Neochrysocharis sp., Chrysocharis sp., Barycapus sp., Pnigalio sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and the Pteromalus sp. (Hym.: Pteromalidae) were also identified. Among these species, R. incompleta in 1995-1996 and C. sp. nr. lyncus in 1997 were the most dominant of all encountered species. In 1998, a new parasitoid species, C. phyllocnistoides, expanded to...
Phyllocnistis citrella and its parasitoids in three citrus species in Greece
Phytoparasitica, 2013
The relative abundance as well as the percentage of parasitism of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its parasitoids were studied in a citrus orchard with orange, mandarin and lemon trees in Greece. Infestation of P. citrella on each citrus host, as expressed by the number of mines per leaf, was significantly higher on lemon than on mandarin. The P. citrella parasitoid complex included the native species Neochrysocharis formosa and Pnigalio pectinicornis, as well as the introduced Citrostichus phyllocnistoides. The most abundant of those was N. formosa in all of the citrus species. The average percentage of parasitism was 13.1%, 13.8% and 11.7% on orange, mandarin and lemon, respectively. No significant differences in parasitism rate by each of the three parasitoid species separately were recorded among the three citrus species.
Biological Control, 2001
The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), was unreported in the western hemisphere until May 1993 when it was discovered in citrus nurseries in Florida. In Mexico, P. citrella was reported in 1994 in the state of Tamaulipas. Because of the potential threat to the citrus industries in both countries, a binational collaborative research project was initiated in 1997 to define and compare the status of P. citrella and levels of biological control between the two countries. In general, P. citrella populations increased in Mexico over the 3-year period from 1997 to 1999. In 1997, P. citrella peaked at Ϸ0.4 immatures/leaf in mid-October. In 1999, the pest began to increase in April, reaching peaks of Ϸ1.0 larva/leaf in early July. In both years, overall parasitism averaged Ϸ20%. The dominant parasitoid in Mexico was Zagrammosoma multilineatum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), which constituted >30% of the parasitoid complex. Predators recovered were Chrysoperla spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). In contrast, P. citrella generally declined in Texas over the same period. In 1997, the pest peaked at 0.8 immatures/leaf in August and did not exceed 0.4 immatures/leaf in 1998. The decline of P. citrella in south Texas is more evident when compared to a 1995 survey when pest densities exceeded 6.0 immatures/leaf. The monthly percentage parasitism of P. citrella in Texas increased from <1% in May to Ϸ10% in November 1997. In contrast, parasitism in 1998 fluctuated from 0 to 20%. Numbers of parasites were always <0.05 individuals/leaf and often zero. Similar to Mexico, the dominant parasitoid was Z. multilineatum, which constituted 46.2% (128 of 277) of the parasitoids sampled. Differences in P. citrella populations and those of its parasitoid complexes may be partially attributed to a hotter, drier climate in Texas than in Mexico.