Aspects of the phonetics of Cambap (original) (raw)
Related papers
Numbers 112 , 2002 ASPECTS OF THE PHONETICS OF CAMBAP *
2010
Increasingly, the need to document endangered languages before they cease to be spoken and disappear is being recognized. Corresponding acknowledgement of the importance of detailed descriptions of the phonetics of such languages, however, is lagging behind. This study examines the phonetics of Cambap, a Bantoid language spoken in the Nigeria-Cameroon borderland by approximately 30 people. The focus is on describing how its phonological contrasts are realized, and as such this study represents only a stage in a more complete description of Cambap phonetics, their relation to the phonology of Cambap and to more general aspects of the language and culture of the Camba.
2019
This article examines the syllable structure in Fròʔò, a dialect of Tagbana spoken in Côte d'Ivoire. In our analysis, the underlying syllable structure in Fròʔò is limited to C(C)V and V. Other surface syllable shapes, such as CVC, are the result of synchronic morphophonological processes. These processes include the formation of surface complex onsets through vowel deletion, the simplification of underlying complex onsets through liquid deletion, and the merger of bisyllabic CVCV sequences into monosyllables (CVC and CV). Evidence of these phonological process can also be found in loanwords, where syllable repairs take place. 1 Syllable structure and loanword adaptation in Fròʔò Table 3: Overview of the nominal classes of Fròʔò and their class markers Class markers (CM) Examples of nouns of each class Class 1 (sg. of gender 1) hō−lō wótìɔ1 several CM, including ∅ elephant−cm1 python Class 2 (pl. of gender 1) hō−bēlē wótìɔ−hélé CM: [-hele], [-bele],-lV elephants−cm2 pythons−cm2 Class 3 (sg. of gender 2) lāː−lā kpē−lē CM: [-lV] belly−cm3 knife−cm3 Class 4 (pl. of gender 2) lā−ʔālā kpē−gēlē CM: [-ʔVlV,-gele] bellies−cm4 knives−cm4 Class 5 (sg. of gender 3) jē−gē āfɔ−ŋɔC M: [-gV]/[-ŋV]/[-ʔV] or ∅ month−cm5 newthing−cm5 Class 6 (pl. of gender 3) jēː−rē āfɔ:−rɔC M: [-rV] months−cm6 newthings−cm6 Class 7 (sg. of gender 4) ɲũ−mũ wɛ−bɛC M: [-mV] water−cm7 foliage−cm7 (4) [a]/[ã] in word-initial position a. ā.jlē-ʔè mirror-cm5 'mirror' b. ā.wrē-ʔē something itchy-cm5 'something itchy' c. à.plè3 'shade' d. ã.gù1 'traditional dance' e. ã.gō-lò mount-cm3 'mount' Word-medially, all vowels can be a nucleus, see two examples in (5), each of which contains a CM consisting only of a vowel. (5) Vowel at hiatus position a. pì-ɔc hild-cm1 'child' b. kā.fū-ō sweat-cm5 'sweat' 5 Yranahan Traoré & Caroline Féry Word-initially, before all vowels other than [a], [h] or another consonant is needed; see (6) for words starting with [h]. In loanwords starting with a vowel, [h] is inserted word-initially, see §5. (6) [h] initial words a. hēːrē 'to press' b. hɔʔɔ' to cook' c. hòʔó 'to stoop' d. hɛ̰ 'where' e. hí-ʔí feather-cm5 'feather' f. hú-ʔú thorn-cm5 'thorn' Syllables consisting of a nasal only are the subject of §2.4 2.2 CV syllable: onset + nucleus All consonants can occupy the word-initial onset position except for the glottal stop [ʔ] and [r], both of which do not occur in this position. In (7), monosyllabic words are used for illustration. (7) a. pũ1 'dog' b. bā7 'this' c. tō1 'father' d. díː 'so, that' e. cã' to fall' f. ɉɛ' to wake up' g. kā 'to break' h. gũ1 'tortoise' i. kpē 'to take' j. gbò1 'gnat' k. fã' to build' l. sɛ' produce' m. hɛ' where' n. mĩ' I, me' o. nũ̀1 'ox' p. ɲĩ 'to fill' q. ŋã' this one' r. jō 'to say' s. wī 'him' 6 1 Syllable structure and loanword adaptation in Fròʔò Vowel lengthening is triggered by a following liquid, [r] or [l], as shown in (8). Liquids at the beginning of word final syllables often are the initial consonant of a class marker, but not always. The examples in (8) have a heteromorphemic liquid, except for (8f), in which the last syllable is part of the lexical root. (8) a. lōː-rō mango-cm6 'mangoes' b. kāː-lā problem-cm3' 'problem' c. pĩː-rĩt am-tam-cm6 'tam-tams' d. pũː-lũd og-cm2 'dogs' e. pìː-lì child-cm2 'children' f. ɉàː.rà1 'lion' Not all vowels lengthen before a liquid, as shown in (9). This happens when the vowel follows [ʔ]. In this case, it is deleted or pronounced as a short and weak vowel (see §3.2 for vowel deletion). Thus, the sequence [ʔVrV] blocks lengthening of the vowel following [r]. (9) a. fīʔī.rí 'to frighten' b. híʔí.rí 'to shiver' c. ɲɔʔɔ.rɔ' to move' d. hùʔù.rú 'to spin' Words initial complex onsets are illustrated in (11). (11) Complex word-initial onsets i. [pl]: plɔ.ʔɔb amboo-cm5 'bamboo' ii. [pr]: prò6 'chip' iii. [bl]: blɔ' plowed' iv. [br]: bré.ʔé 'to boil' v. [tr]: trá.ʔá 'to stick up' vi. [dr]: drè.ʔè shift-cm5 'shirt' vii. [cl]: clɛ.mũẁ oman-cm7 'womanhood' viii. [cr]: crɛ.ʔɛ' to expand' ix. [ɉl]: ɉlì.ʔí 'wise' x. [ɉr]: ɉrɛ.ʔɛ' to fly' xi. [kl]: klã.ʔãs eat-cm5 'seat' xii. [kr]: krɔ.ʔɔ car-cm5 'car' xiii. [km]: kmɔ' to beat' xiv. [gm]: gmɔ' beaten' xv. [gl]: glē.ʔè tamis-cm5 'tamise' xvi. [gr]: grā̰ 'dirty' 8 1 Syllable structure and loanword adaptation in Fròʔò xvii. [kpl]: kplɛ.ʔɛf ormer-cm5 'former' xviii. [kpr]: kprā.ʔā sugar cane-cm5 'sugar cane' xix. [gbl]: gblɛːr 'beginning' xx. [gbr]: gbrè.ʔè 'unripe' xxi. [fl]: flĩ.ʔĩ furuncle-cm5 'furuncle' xxii. [fr]: frɔ.ʔɔ' to scrub' xxiii. [sr]: srɛ.ʔɛṕ rayer-cm5 'prayer' xxiv. [hl]: hlã-ʔãl eg-cm5 'leg' xxv. [hr]: hrō6 meal 'meals' xxvi. [ml]: mlã-ʔãfi ght-cm5 'fight' xxvii. [mr]: mrũ̀.ʔũc orosol-cm5 'corosol' xxviii. [nr]: nrɛr oot-cm6 'roots' xxix. [ɲl] ɲlɔ.ʔɔ' to write' xxx. [ɲr]: ɲrã.ʔã' to hook' xxxi. [ŋl]: ŋlɔ-ʔɔd ream-cm5 'dream' xxxii. [ŋr]: ŋrɔ.ʔɔ 'to push' xxxiii. [wl]: wlɛ-ʔɛd ay-cm5 xxxiv. [wr]: wrē.ʔē 'short' xxxv. [jl]: jlɛ.mɛc lean-cm7 'cleanliness' xxxvi. [jr]: jrā.ʔā thing-cm5 'thing' Only [k] and [g] can form an initial complex onset with [m], but the segment clusters [km] and [gm] are only attested in a few words. Herault & Mlanhoro (1973) analyze them as the nasal counterparts of [kp] and [gb] when the following vowel is nasal, see examples in (12). In other words, in their analysis [km] and [gm] are allophones of underlying /kp/ and /gb/. An alternative explanation is that the vowel following [km] and [gm] is subject to nasal harmony. That explains why the following vowel is always nasal. In fact, [kp] and [gb] can be followed by a nasal vowel, and this distributional fact speaks against the allophonic nature of [km] and [gm], see the examples in (12). Word-medial complex onsets are listed in (14). 9 Yranahan Traoré & Caroline Féry (12) a. kmɔ 'to hit' b. kmã-ʔã' nice' c. kmɔ.ʔɔ-lɔfi replace-cm3 'fireplace' d. lā.gmã.mũb elly-kind-cm7 'kindness' (13) a. kpɛ-mũd aylight-cm7 'daylight' b. kpãdàː-là funeral yard-cm3 'funeral yard' c. lāgbã-mũ anger-cm7 'anger' (14) Word-medial complex onsets i. [pl]: tī.plɔ-ʔɔḡ round-cm5 'ground' ii. [pr]: tì.prì-ʔì fresh-cm5 'freshness' iii. [bl]: à.blò-ʔò peanut-cm5 'peanut' iv. [br]: à.brà.ʔà 'to bargain' v. [tr]: kpà.trō-ʔō whip-cm5 'whip' vi. [dr]: kā.fĩ.n.drī-ʔī umbilical cord-cm5 'umbilical cord' vii. [cl]: kā.clē-ʔē bone-cm5 'bone' viii. [ɉl]: n.ɉlé.ʔè wall-cm5 'wall' ix. [ɉr]: kɔ.ɉrɛ.lɛḿ angoose-cm3 'mangoose' x. [kl]: tì.klɔ̰ .ʔɔ̰ 'long' xi. [kr]: kā.krā.ʔ junk-cm5 'junk' xii. [km]: a.kmɔː-rɔs trike-cm6 'the strikes' xiii. [gm]: la.gmã-m(ũ̀) belly-kind-cm7 'kindness' xiv. [gl]: hã.glā.ʔà bow-cm5 'bow' 10 1 Syllable structure and loanword adaptation in Fròʔò xv. [gr]: bà.grà-ʔà hoe-cm5 'hoe' xvi. [gbl]: kã.gblò-ʔò cudgel-cm5 'cudgel' xvii. [gbr] ā.gbrē.ʔē unripe-cm5 'unripe' xviii. [fl]: tū.flɛ-ʔɛw ind-cm5
Arusha Working Papers in African Linguistics, Vol. 4
2022
Alege is one of the undescribed languages that belong to the Bendi language family spoken in Cross River State, Nigeria, West Africa. This study examines the vowel system of the language. Data for this work was gathered primarily through a series of fieldwork carried out between 2016 and 2019. The descriptive approach is employed in providing both phonetic and phonemic analyses of the data. For the analysis and interpretation of the phonetic data, the study utilizes the Praat software. We also exploit the classical phonemic parameters of contrast and distribution in determining the phonemic status of vowels in the language. Findings from the study show that Alege has twenty-eight phonetic vowels and nine oral phonemic vowels /i ɪ e ɛ ɑ ɔ o ʊ u/. Eight of the nine vowel phonemes, except for /o/, have nasalized counterparts that are restricted to word-final position in their distribution. Vowel length is not contrastive but is phonetic in certain environments. Phonemically, instances of perceived long vowels are analyzed as cases of sequences of identical short vowels. One defining quality of the vowel system of most Niger-Congo languages is vowel harmony that is based on the Advanced Tongue Root (ATR) feature. Interestingly, Alege language which is classified under the Benue-Congo group does not show any form (total or partial) of vowel harmony.
A Quantitative and QualitativeAnalysis of the Final Vowels [i] and [a] in Luganda Deverbal Nouns
2009
Mu-baage 'One who undergoes surgery' Mu-beezi 'helper' Mu-fumbiro 'cook' Mu-jeemu 'rebel' 5 Jjeeza 'isolated place' Ggulire 'piece of news' Jjingirizi 'abundance' Ddudumo 'thunder' Ddulu 'pearl' 6a Ma-boneka 'new moon' Ma-tambulire 'whereabouts' Ma-gezi 'wisdom' Ma-gambo 'news' Ma-kulu 'meaning' 7 Ki-baaga 'sharp spear' Ki-bajje 'piece of carpentry' Ki-bangirizi 'open space' Ki-bajjo 'chip of wood' Ki-butamu 'inclined land' 9 Nfaanana 'appearance' Ndwadde 'sickness' Ngassi 'recompense' Nfukulo 'burrow' Nkanu 'harshness' 12 Ka-bina 'curve' Ka-baate 'tumult' Ka-boyi 'dizziness' Ka-bonero 'sign' Ka-kyamu 'mistake' 14 Bu-baka 'message' Bu-bage 'draft' Bu-bazi 'accountancy' Bu-fumbo 'marriage' Bu-gimu 'fertility' 9c. Bufuge 'subjection' < fuga 'to rule' 9d. Bulabe 'hostility' < laba 'to see' Abstract nouns ending in 9e. Bukaayi 'bitterness' < kaawa 'to be bitter' 9f. Bubazi 'accountancy'< bala 'to count' Abstract nouns ending in 9g. Bukalubo 'hardness' < kaluba 'to harden' 9h. Buddiro 'recurrence' <dda, ddira 'to return' Abstract nouns ending in 9i. Bunyiikivu 'diligence' < nyiikira 'to persevere' 9j. Bukaawu 'bitterness' < kaawa
Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 25
1986
A careful study of the permissible consonant clusters and vowel clusters facilitates the interpretation of ambiguous segments [w ] and [u ], [y] and [i ], as we ll as [n Y] and [sY]. Interpretation of these segments wi ll be discussed in Section 5. 4.1 Consonant clusters YAWA PHONOLOGY 15 '3 sg mas' , Imol '3 sg fern'. None of the ergative pronouns begins with a non-suspect vv. Granting , then , Iyl and Iwl word initially , we must expect them word medially. We suggest that all non-syllabic vocoids [i ] and [u ] be interpreted as consonants when they occur intervocalically , e.g. , [v i v] is Ivyvl and [V U v] is Ivwv/. This re sults in many more ev syllables , which fits the prevalence of this syllable type in Yawa and indeed its universal prevalence in languages .
SIL Electronic Working Papers, 2010
This study presents the phonology of Awngi, a major Central Cushitic language spoken in Northern Ethiopia. Awngi has six vowels, one of which an almost predictable epenthetic vowel /ɨ/, and twenty-nine consonants, of which five are labialized and two are post-stopped fricatives. Two tone levels are also contrastive in the language. This paper presents evidence for contrast and variation for all Awngi phonemes, a description of the syllable structure, a discussion of the phonological rules, and a list of 325 Awngi words in IPA phonemic writing.
The phonetic structures of Hadza
Studies in African Linguistics, 2010
Hadza is one of three East African languages with clicks. Previous field repons on this language have disagreed on several of its phonetic chanacteristics, including the number and nature of the clicks. This paper-based on acoustic and aniculatory analyses of data collected in recent fieldwork-presents a more detailed picture than any previous work. Special attention is given to the aniculation of the click types and the acoustic features of the click accompaniments, the role of aspiration in distinguishing classes of consonants, and the fonnant structure of vowels. 101 p pataku'Je 'palm of hand' 99 iupa-kho 'foam' 81 b bada 'hole' 44 I)~oba-kho 'baobab' p' p'a?Uwe-'to split' m makllo 'clay pot' 85 samakha-phi 'three' mph mphalamafio-kho 'slingshot' fiomphai-kho 'wing' mb mbalata-kllo 'cockroach'-kJlamba-bi 'small intestine' Labiodental: f fa-'to drink.' 11 ts'ifi 'night' Dental: kI kjUthi_ 'neck' 177 kjakja 'large jla! roc/(lJl' lJl'ats'e-'to reheat' 211 talJl'e 'belt' 1)1 'I)lathll 'longue' 228 k/ikili'rja 'little finger' 181 Alveolar: t h thase 'long' 'nose' nd ndagWe-ko 'notch'-lJ!anda 'agama lizaT{f 97 l[r] lala-kho 'gazelle' 67 ba?ala-kho 'honey' 91 ts tsipit'J 'porcupine' 65 tsetse-'to grow old' dz dza-'come!' 2 lA'odzo-'to say' ts' ts'ake-'to steal' 24 fiits'a-phe 'fat' nts ntsa-kho lsrar' 47 tan(t)se-'to crack' ndz ndzopha. 'bottle' mindza 'reedbuck' s samaka-phi 'three' 37 papa'sa 'hip bone' i iano 'python' 95 Q!'ak'iia 'palate' k! 'k!cik."l1-'to jwnp over' 4 k!o'k!6-k h o 'back of head' lJ! ' lJ!' oje (wax' 139 fia~!'a-kho 'rock' I)! I)"ina-'sp. mongoose' 64 I)!ikil)!i-'to push a lot'
Phonological templates and the lexicon
Lexis, 2024
The text only may be used under licence CC BY-SA 4.0. All other elements (illustrations, imported files) are "All rights reserved", unless otherwise stated. Semra Baturay-Meral I sincerely thank the editor and the anonymous reviewers for taking the time to review the manuscript and for providing constructive feedback to improve it.
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian – Proto‑Rote-Meto
ANU Press eBooks, 2021
A -a *adaduq *daru. 'long'. *aku *au. 'I, 1SG'. *ala[q/p] *ala. 'fetch'. *alutən *lutə. 'firebrand'. *ama *ama. 'father'. *anaduq *naru. 'long'. *anak *anak. 'child'. *anu *nuu₂. 'possession'. *añam *ane. 'braid'. *asu *asu. 'dog'. *ata *ata₂. 'we (incl.), 1PL.INCL'. *atas *ata₁. 'above'. B -b *babaq *ɓafa₁. 'valley'. *babuy *bafi. 'pig'. *bahaq *faa. 'current'. *bahi *fee₁. 'woman'. *bahuq *boo₂. 'smell'. *bajaq *faɗa. 'say'. *bakaq *faka₁. 'split'; *faka₂. 'split'; *paha. 'split'. *baki *ɓaʔi. 'grandfather'. *balabaw *lafo. 'rat'. *balik *bali₂. 'turn back around'; *ɓali. 'mix'. *baliw₁ *fali. 'help with'. *baliw₂ *bali₁. 'go back'. *balu *balu₂. 'widow'. *balun *balu₃. 'cover up'; *mbalu. 'cover'. *baluq *balu₁. 'mourn'. *bañən *kesu/fani. 'sneeze'. *baŋkudu *baŋakuɗu. 'Morinda citrifolia'. *baqbaq *ɓafa₂. 'mouth'. *baqəRu *beu₁. 'new'; *feu. 'in-law'. *baqi *ɓei. 'grandmother'. *baRaq *baa. 'lungs'. *baRat *ɓaat. 'across'. *baRəq *mbae. 'swell'. *baRu *bau. 'Hibiscus tiliaceus'. *basəq *fase. 'wash'. **bata *fata. 'female'. *batu *batu. 'stone'. *ba(w)baw *bafo. 'top'. *bayawak *ɓaiafa. 'monitor lizard'. *bayu *mbau₂. 'stab'. *belas *belas. 'machete'. *bəkaq *fekə. 'separate'. *bəkəlaj *ɓela. 'spread out'; *fela₂. 'spread out'. *bəli *beli. 'buy price'. *bəluk *felu. 'bend'; *fenu. 'bend'; *helu. 'bend'. *bəntas *ɓeta. 'cut vegetation'. *bəntəŋ *ɓetə. 'tense'. *bəntuk *ɓetu. 'bent'; *feɗu. 'bent'. *bəŋkuq *ɓeku. 'bend'. *bəqbəq *fefa. 'mouth'. *bəRas *mneas. 'husked rice'. *bəRay *fee₂. 'give'. *bəRəqat *berat. 'heavy'. *bəRŋaw *ka|benu. 'fly'; *mbena. 'fly'. *bəRŋi *beni. 'day after tomorrow, day before yesterday'. *bəRsay *sefe. 'paddle'. *bəRus *beu₂. 'Garuga floribuna'. *bəriq *fei. 'open'. PROTO-ROTE-METO -ENGLISH *dəpa *bətaw *feto. 'sister'. *bətəŋ *betə. 'millet'. *bətuŋ *petun. 'giant bamboo, Dendrocalamus'. *bibiR *ɓife. 'lip'. *bilak *mbila. 'blaze (v.)'. *binəhiq *bini. 'seed'. *bintiq *fiti₂. 'kick'. *biŋaq *ɓina. 'kind shell'. *biqak *ɓia. 'split'. *biRaq *fia. 'taro'. *bisul *ɓisu. 'ulcer'. *bitbit *bibi. 'pinch'; *ɓiti. 'pinch'; *fiti₃. 'carry'. *bitiəs *biti₁. 'calf (of leg)'. *bitik *biti₂. 'jerk up'; *fiti₁. 'jerk'. *bituqən *fanduun. 'star'. *buaq *bua. 'fruit'; *mbuah. 'areca palm nut'. *buay *fue. 'legume'. *bubu *bufu. 'fish trap'. *bubuŋ *fufu₁. 'fontanelle'; *fumbu. 'fontanelle'. *buhat *fua₁. 'carry'. *buhək *ɓuə. 'hair'. *bujəq *fuʤə. 'foam'. *buka *fuka. 'dig'; *huka. 'open'. *bukbuk₁ *ɓuɓu. 'bubble'. *bukbuk₃ *fufu₂. 'weevil'. *bukij *fui₂. 'wild'. *buku *ɓuku. 'node'. *bukuq *mbuku₂. 'bent'. *bulan *bulan. 'moon'. *bula[n/R] *fula. 'white'. *bulat *ɓula. 'open the eyes'. *buliq *fuli. 'cowrie shell'. *buliR *mbule. 'grain head cob'. *bulu *bulu. 'hair'. *buni *funi₁. 'hide'. *buntər *ɓunda. 'fat bellied'. *bunut *mbunut. 'coconut husk'. *buŋa *ɓuna. 'flower'. *buqaya *foe₂. 'crocodile'. *buqəni *buni. 'ringworm'. *buqi *fui₁. 'pour'. *buRiq *fui₃. 'wash'. *buRit *ɓuit. 'backside'. *buRnay *mbune. 'Antidesma bunius'. *buRuk *mburuk. 'rotten'. *burun *funu. 'betel-pepper'. *busuR *ɓusu. 'cotton bow'. *butu *futu. 'bundle'; *mbutu₂. 'bundle up'. *buu *buu. 'blow'; *fuu. 'blow'. D -d *dahun *doo. 'leaf'. *daki *daki. 'dirt'. *dakih *ndake₁. 'climb'. *daləm *dalə. 'in'. *damaR *ɗama. 'resin'. *danaw *ɗano. 'lake'. *daŋdaŋ *ɗada. 'warm (v.)'. *dapuR *raho. 'hearth'. *daqan *mba|raa. 'old'. *daqih *dei. 'forehead'. *daRaq *daa. 'blood'. *daRəq *dae. 'ground'. *dəŋəR *rena. 'hear'. *dəpa *reha. 'fathom (n.)'. 432 *dəpdəp ROTE-METO COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY *dəpdəp *deras. 'Erythrina species'. *dikit *ɗiki. 'small'. *dilap *ɗila₂. 'shine'. *diŋdiŋ *dindi. 'wall'. *diŋin *riŋin. 'cold'. *diRi *dii₁. 'stand'. *diRus *diu. 'bathe'. *ditaq *dete. 'blackboard tree: Alstonia scholaris'. *di-wiRi *ɗii₁. 'left (side)'. *dodok *ɗoɗo. 'kill'. *duha *dua. 'two'. *duku *ruku. 'bent'. **dumbi *dupi. 'wall'. *duRi *dui₁. 'bone'. *duyuŋ *dui₂. 'dugong'. Ə -ə *əkit *eki. 'shout out'. *ənəm *nee₁. 'six'. *əpat *haa₂. 'four'. *əsa *esa. 'one'. F -f **fəran *fera₂. 'landslide'. G -g *gatəl *katə. 'itchy'. *gəmgəm *kame. 'knead'; *keʔe. 'knead'; *keme. 'knead'; *kumu₂. 'fist'; *ŋɡumu. 'fist, squeeze'. *gərgər *ŋɡeŋɡo. 'shake'. *gətəl *ŋɡete. 'pinch off'. *giRiŋ *kiri₁. 'bell'. *gumi(s) *ŋɡomi. 'beard'. *guru(q) *ŋɡuru. 'drone'. H -h *habaRat *faat. 'rainy season'. *hadiRi *dii₂. 'post'. *haŋin *anin. 'wind'. *hapəjəs *meras. 'sick'. *hapəjis *heɗis. 'sick'. *hapin *nahe. 'mat'. *hapun *ahu. 'dew'. *hapuy *ahi₂. 'fire'. *haRəzan *eɗa. 'ladder'. *hasaq *saha₁. 'whetstone'. *hawak *ao. 'body'. *həsi *sisi. 'meat'. *hikan *ika. 'fish'. *hikət *ikə. 'snare'. *hipaR *iha. 'sister-in-law'. *huaji *waɗi. 'younger sibling'. *hutək *kutə. 'brains'. PROTO-ROTE-METO -ENGLISH *laqia I -i *ia *ia. 'this'. *ijuŋ *iɗu. 'kiss'. *ikuR *iko. 'tail'. *ina *ina. 'mother'. *inum *inu. 'drink'. *isiʔ *isi. 'contents flesh'. K -k *kabut *habu. 'cloud'. *kaən *ha. 'eat'. **ka-felu *ʔ|fenu. 'candlenut'. *kahiw *kaiu. 'tree'. *kahu *koo₂. 'you (sg.), 2SG'. *kaka *kaka. 'elder sibling'. *kakay *hae|ʔ. 'foot'. *kali *kali. 'dig'. *kalimatək *kerumatu. 'leech'. *kali-wati *kalati. 'worm'. *kambeR *kambe. 'saliva'. *kambu *kambu. 'belly'. *kami *ka(m)i. 'we (excl.), 1PL.EXCL'. *kamiri *kamiri. 'candlenut'. *kampil # kapir. 'basket'. *kamuyu *ke(m)i. 'you (pl.)'. *kanasay *nase. 'Blue-spot mullet'. *kapit *hapi. 'pinch'; *kaɓi. 'pinch'. *kaRat *kaa₁. 'bite'. *kaRus *kao. 'scrape'. **karas *kara. 'chest'. *karut *karu. 'scratch'. *kati *kati. 'call'. *kawanan *kona. 'right'. *ka-wiRi *kii. 'left'. *kawit *kai₂. 'hook'. *keRa *kea. 'turtle'. *kəmiq *mii. 'urine'. *kətuq *ketu. 'cut off'. *kilik *kili. 'tickle'. *kiluq *kilu. 'crooked'. **kilusa *kalusa. 'fingernail'. *kima *kima. 'clam'. *kiskis *sakiki. 'brush teeth'. *kita₁ *kita. 'we (incl.), 1PL.INCL'. *kita₂ *ita. 'see'. **klaRa *klaha. 'coals'. *koti *koti. 'cut'. *kudən *kurə. 'pot'. *kuhkuh *kuku. 'finger'. *kuluR *kunu₁. 'breadfruit'. **kumu *kumu₁. 'wild pigeon'. *kunij *kuni. 'turmeric'. *kur(u) *kuru₁. 'call chickens'. *kurut *kuru₂. 'wrinkly'. *kutu *kutu. 'head louse'. L -l **lakateRu *teu. 'pigeon'. *lakaw *lako. 'go'. *laki *laʔi. 'king'. *laluŋ *lalu. 'rooster'. *lamut *lamu. 'seaweed'. *laŋit *lani. 'heaven'. *laŋu *lanu. 'uncomfortable'. *lapaR *laha. 'hungry'. *laqia *laia. 'ginger'. 434 *laRiw ROTE-METO COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY *laRiw *lai. 'run'. *lasəR *lasə. 'scrotum'. *-lat *laa₅. 'open the eyes'. *latuq *latu₂. 'seaweed'. *lawaq *ɓo/lau. 'spider'; # k|naba|ʔ. 'spider'. *layap *laa₄. 'fly (v.)'. *layaR *laa₃. 'sail'. *lemba *lemba. 'carry'. **lemur *lemuk. 'dolphin'. *lesu *lesu₂. 'come out'. *letay₁ *lete₁. 'mountain'. *letay₂ *lete₂. 'bridge'. *ləkən *leke. 'coil'. *ləkuʔ *leku. 'winding'. *ləŋah *lena. 'sesame'. *ləpaw *lopo. 'shelter'. *ləsuŋ *nesu. 'mortar'. *liaŋ *lea. 'cave'. *liaR *lii₃. 'shy'. **libun *lifu. 'billabong'. *libut *liɓu. 'surround'; *rimbu. 'surround'. *likud *liku₂. 'back'. *lilin *lili. 'wax'. *lima *lima₁. 'five'. *liŋ *lii₁. 'sound'. *liqəR *lii₂. 'neck'. *luab *lua₁. 'boil'. *luaŋ *lua|t. 'cave'. *luhəq *luu₂. 'tears (crying)'. *lukut *luku₂. 'bent'. *lulun *lulun. 'roll up'. *lumbu *lombu. 'moss'. *luqaR *lua₂. 'outside (adj.)'. **lutuR *lutu₂. 'pile up'. M -m *ma-buhək *mafu. 'drunk'. *ma-əsa *mesa. 'alone'. *mah *ma. 'and'. *ma-hataq *mata₂. 'raw'. *ma-həmis *mamis. 'sweet'. *ma-həyaq *mae₂. 'shy'. *ma-hipi *mehi. 'dream'. *ma-iRaq *mea. 'red'. *maja *maɗa. 'dry up'. *malip *mali₂. 'laugh'. *mamaq *mama. 'chew'. *mansər *ʔ|mauka|ʔ. 'cuscus'. *manuk *manu. 'chicken'. **ma-ŋeta *neta. 'choke'. *ma-putiq *muti. 'white'. *ma-qasin *masi. 'salty'. *ma-qasu *masu. 'smoke'. *ma-qəti *meti. 'low tide up'. *ma-qitəm *metam. 'black'. *ma-quban *mofa. 'grey hair'. *ma-qudip *mori. 'live'. *ma-Raŋu *maŋɡu₂. 'dry'. *ma(R)i *mai. 'come'. *maRuqanay *mane. 'male'; *mone. 'male'. *maRus *maus. 'tame'. *mata *mata₁. 'eye'. *matay *mate. 'die'. *ma-udəhi *mone|ʔ. 'outside'; *muri. 'last'. *maya *maa. 'tongue'. **maya *mae₁. 'itchy tuber'. **mbasaR *mbasa. 'slap'. **mbio *pio. 'garlic'. **meoŋ *meo₁. 'cat'. **məŋi(R) *meni₁. 'fragrant'. *miñak *mina. 'delicious'. **mozo *moɗo. 'yellow'. *mukən *mukə. 'dove'. *mulmul *mumu₁. 'suck'. *muntay *munde. 'citrus (fruit)'. *muRmuR *mumu₂. 'gargle'. **musa *muse₁. 'seed'. *musaŋ *muse₂. 'civet'. PROTO-ROTE-METO -ENGLISH *papaq N -n *-na *naa₁. 'that'. *nabuq *nafu. 'anchor (v.)'. *nakaw *nako. 'steal'. *namaw *namo₂. 'coast'. *nanaq *nana. 'pus'. *naŋuy *naŋe. 'swim'. **napi *hani₂. 'shell'. *naRa *naa₃. 'Pterocarpus indica'. *nasu *nasu. 'cook'. *natuq *natu. 'ovary'. **nepi *nehi. 'mat on'. *nipay *nihe. 'ant'. *nipis *nihis. 'thin'. *niuR *noh. 'coconut'. *nuəs *nuus. 'squid'. *nuka *nuʔa. 'scabies'. *nunuk *nunuh. 'banyan'. **nuŋan *nuŋa. 'Cordia species'. *nusa *nusa. 'island'. Ñ -ñ *ñaRa *naa₂. 'brother (of woman)'. *ñikñik *nini. 'mosquito'. Ŋ -ŋ *ŋadaq *naɗo. 'look up'. *ŋadas *nada. 'gums'; *ŋɡadas. 'palate'. *ŋajan *naʤa. 'name'. *ŋaŋa *m|kaka. 'open the mouth'. **ŋəli *ŋoli. 'canine tooth'. *ŋilu *ŋilu. 'tamarind, sour'. *ŋis(ŋ)i(s) *nisi. 'tooth'. *ŋodok *ŋɡoro. 'snout, snore'. *ŋuda *ŋura. 'young'. *ŋusuq *nuɗu. 'lip'. O -o **oRo *oo₁. 'with'. P -p *pagut *heŋɡu. 'eat'. **pai *hai₁. 'bucket'. *pajay *hade. 'paddy rice'. *panahik *hene. 'climb'. *panas *hanas. 'hot'. *panaw *hano. 'spots'. *pandak *mbada. 'short'; *pande. 'short'. *paniŋ *hani₁. 'bait (v.)'. **panti *fandi. 'cut'. **paŋɡa *haŋɡa. 'span span'. *paŋdan *hendam. 'wild pandanus'. **pao *hao. 'feed'. *papaq *ɓeɓa. 'palm leaf stem'. 436 *paRih ROTE-METO COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY *paRih *hai₂. 'stingray'. *parud *paru. 'grate'. *pasaqan *saha₂. 'carry on the shoulders'. **penuk *henuh. 'beads'. *pəluk *holu₁. 'hug'. *pənuq *henu. 'full'. *pəRəq *hee₂. 'press'. **pəsu *hesu. 'fart'. *pian *hia. 'want'. *pija *hida. 'how much?'; *hiɗa. 'few'. *piliq *hiri. 'choose'. *pitu *hitu. 'seven'. **pue *huʔe. 'eucalyptus'. *puləs *ule. 'wring'. *punti...