Nutritional modulation of gut microbiota in the context of obesity and insulin resistance: Potential interest of prebiotics (original) (raw)
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Microbial Cell Factories, 2011
The gut microbiota is increasingly considered as a symbiotic partner for the maintenance of health. The homeostasis of the gut microbiota is dependent on host characteristics (age, gender, genetic background…), environmental conditions (stress, drugs, gastrointestinal surgery, infectious and toxic agents…). Moreover, it is dependent on the day-today dietary changes. Experimental data in animals, but also observational studies in obese patients, suggest that the composition of the gut microbiota is a factor characterizing obese versus lean individuals, diabetic versus non diabetic patients, or patients presenting hepatic diseases such as non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Interestingly, the changes in the gut microbes can be reversed by dieting and related weight loss. The qualitative and quantitative changes in the intake of specific food components (fatty acids, carbohydrates, micronutrients, prebiotics, probiotics), have not only consequences on the gut microbiota composition, but may modulate the expression of genes in host tissues such as the liver, adipose tissue, intestine, muscle. This in turn may drive or lessen the development of fat mass and metabolic disturbances associated with the gut barrier function and the systemic immunity. The relevance of the prebiotic or probiotic approaches in the management of obesity in humans is supported by few intervention studies in humans up to now, but the experimental data obtained with those compounds help to elucidate novel potential molecular targets relating diet with gut microbes. The metagenomic and integrative metabolomic approaches could help elucidate which bacteria, among the trillions in human gut, or more specifically which activities/genes, could participate to the control of host energy metabolism, and could be relevant for future therapeutic developments.
Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: effects of prebiotics and probiotics
Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2011
| At birth, the human colon is rapidly colonized by gut microbes. Owing to their vast number and their capacity to ferment nutrients and secrete bioactive compounds, these gastrointestinal microbes act as an environmental factor that affects the host's physiology and metabolism, particularly in the context of obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Experiments that compared germ-free and colonized mice or analyzed the influence of nutrients that qualitatively change the composition of the gut microbiota (namely prebiotics) showed that gut microbes induce a wide variety of host responses within the intestinal mucosa and thereby control the gut's barrier and endocrine functions. Gut microbes also influence the metabolism of cells in tissues outside of the intestines (in the liver and adipose tissue) and thereby modulate lipid and glucose homeostasis, as well as systemic inflammation, in the host. A number of studies describe characteristic differences between the composition and/or activity of the gut microbiota of lean individuals and those with obesity. Although these data are controversial, they suggest that specific phyla, classes or species of bacteria, or bacterial metabolic activities could be beneficial or detrimental to patients with obesity. The gut microbiota is, therefore, a potential nutritional and pharmacological target in the management of obesity and obesity-related disorders.
Gut microbiota and metabolic disorders: how prebiotic can work?
British Journal of Nutrition, 2013
Experimental data in animals, but also observational studies in obese patients, suggest that the composition of the gut microbiota differs in obese v. lean individuals, in diabetic v. non-diabetic patients or in patients presenting other diseases associated with obesity or nutritional dysbalance, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In the present review, we will describe how changes in the gut microbiota composition and/or activity by dietary fibres with prebiotic properties, can modulate host gene expression and metabolism. We will evaluate their potential relevance in the management of obesity and related metabolic disturbances, in view of the experimental data and intervention studies published up to date.
Microbial dysbiosis-induced obesity: Role of gut microbiota in homeostasis of energy metabolism
British Journal of Nutrition
The global obesity epidemic has necessitated the search for better intervention strategies including the exploitation of the health benefits of some gut microbiota and their metabolic products. Therefore, we examined the gut microbial composition and mechanisms of interaction with the host in relation to homeostatic energy metabolism and pathophysiology of dysbiosis-induced metabolic inflammation and obesity. We also discussed the eubiotic, health promoting effects of probiotics, and prebiotics as well as epigenetic modifications associated with gut microbial dysbiosis and risk of obesity. High-fat/carbohydrate diet programmes the gut microbiota to one predominated by Firmicutes (Clostridium), Prevotella and Methanobrevibacter but deficient in beneficial genera/species such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Altered gut microbiota is associated with decreased expression of short chain fatty acids that maintain intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, red...
Interaction Between Obesity and the Gut Microbiota: Relevance in Nutrition
Annual Review of Nutrition, 2011
This review examines mechanisms by which the bacteria present in the gut interact with nutrients and host biology to affect the risk of obesity and associated disorders, including diabetes, inflammation, and liver diseases. The bacterial metabolism of nutrients in the gut is able to drive the release of bioactive compounds (including short-chain fatty acids or lipid metabolites), which interact with host cellular targets to control energy metabolism and immunity. Animal and human data demonstrate that phylogenic changes occur in the microbiota composition in obese versus lean individuals; they suggest that the count of specific bacteria is inversely related to fat mass development, diabetes, and/or the low levels of inflammation associated with obesity. The prebiotic and probiotic approaches are presented as interesting research tools to counteract the drop in target bacteria and thereby to estimate their relevance in the improvement of host metabolism. 3.1 Review in Advance first posted online on May 11, 2011. (Changes may still occur before final publication online and in print.) Changes may still occur before final publication online and in print
The role of intestinal microbiota in energetic metabolism: new perspectives in combating obesity
The knowledge that the composition of intestinal microbiota is different in lean and obese humans indicates that the microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of obesity. Studies show that diet composition promotes the modification of intestinal bacterial species, favoring the increase of energy extraction from the diet, insulin resistance and obesity. Unbalanced diets, with overload fat and low fiber content, lead to increased Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla favoring dysbiosis, endotoxemia and inflammation. The use of probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics, in order to modulate the composition of intestinal microbiome, may be a promising therapy for the reduction of the metabolic complications of obesity; however, further studies should be conducted to establish which probiotic species are suitable to help in the treatment of obesity.
The role of intestinal microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disorders
farm.ucl.ac.be
Obesity and its associated metabolic disorders are a worldwide epidemic. In humans, obesity causes changes in gut microbial composition. Analysis of the consequences of these changes for host energy metabolism, particularly in the context of obesity, requires good experimental models. The use of gnotobiotic animal models has indicated new mediators and molecular targets that suggest a metabolic dialogue between the gut bacteria and the host. The discovery of the impact of a high-fat diet on metabolic disorders linked to gut microbiota has revealed bacterial components (lipopolysaccharides and Toll-like receptors) as potential targets in the management of obesity and related disorders. In animal models, it has been possible to effect specific changes to the gut microbiota through food components with prebiotic properties, thereby decreasing obesity and its associated metabolic alterations, including inflammation. The relevance of this approach in the management of obesity in humans is supported by a number of intervention studies. A metagenomic and integrative metabolomic approach could help in the discovery of which bacteria, among the trillions in the human gut, are specifically involved in the control of host energy metabolism. This knowledge could be relevant for future therapeutic developments in the prevention of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
Intestinal microbiota; relevance to obesity and modulation by prebiotics and probiotics
Nutrición hospitalaria
The intestinal microbiota has several beneficial functions related to host health. Studies suggest that it may be related to the presence of metabolic diseases, including obesity. A bibliographic survey was carried out upon the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and obesity and the possible impacts of the use of prebiotics and probiotics, aiming to understand this complex and promising interaction. A search was conducted in the Lilacs, PubMed, SciElo and ScienceDirect databases, using the keywords "gut microbiota" and "obesity". We identified 613 original studies. After careful selection, 61 original articles were included in this review. The others indicated that there are differences in the microbial composition between obese and non-obese patients and the possible mechanisms involved. Alteration is caused in the energy homeostasis, in the use of dietary intake and storage of lipids due to the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Among the stud...
Interplay between obesity and associated metabolic disorders: new insights into the gut microbiota
Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 2009
Obesity and associated metabolic disorders are worldwide epidemic. The literature provides new evidence that gut microbiota dysbiosis (at the phyla, genus, or species level) affects host metabolism and energy storage. Here we discuss new findings that may explain how gut microbiota can be involved in the development or in the control of obesity and associated low-grade inflammation. New powerful molecular biology methods and the use of gnotobiotic animal allowed to analyze the molecular link between gut bacteria and the host. Moreover, even if more studies are needed to unravel how changing gut microbiota impacts on the development of obesity and related metabolic alterations, probiotic and prebiotic approach appear as potential interesting treatments to reverse host metabolic alterations linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Xaus J: Beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria isolated from breast milk. Br J Nutr 2007, 98(Suppl 1):S96-100.
Obesity and microbiota: an example of an intricate relationship
Genes & Nutrition
It is widely accepted that metabolic disorders, such as obesity, are closely linked to lifestyle and diet. Recently, the central role played by the intestinal microbiota in human metabolism and in progression of metabolic disorders has become evident. In this context, animal studies and human trials have demonstrated that alterations of the intestinal microbiota towards enhanced energy harvest is a characteristic of the obese phenotype. Many publications, involving both animal studies and clinical trials, have reported on the successful exploitation of probiotics and prebiotics to treat obesity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these observed anti-obesity effects of probiotics and prebiotic therapies are still obscure. The aim of this mini-review is to discuss the intricate relationship of various factors, including diet, gut microbiota, and host genetics, that are believed to impact on the development of obesity, and to understand how modulation of the gut microbiota with dietary intervention may alleviate obesity-associated symptoms.