Gender Openness on Pornography and its Relationship with Masturbation A Term Paper In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements in Family and Population Submitted by (original) (raw)

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The Cultural Motion of Pornography Thesis20191003 27304 cpie2d

From the early days of the Internet, online pornography was an immensely successful industry, with a consequent phenomenal increase in both production and consumption of cyber porn. Prior to 1995, Anti-porn feminists were working to legally censor violent pornography. They received considerable resistance internally from pro-porn feminists arguing from the perspective of rights and free speech.

The Cultural Motion of Pornography Thesis20191003 49784 op5lno

2015

From the early days of the Internet, online pornography was an immensely successful industry, with a consequent phenomenal increase in both production and consumption of cyber porn. Prior to 1995, Anti-porn feminists were working to legally censor violent pornography. They received considerable resistance internally from pro-porn feminists arguing from the perspective of rights and free speech. The exponential increase in pornography consumption has inspired significant psychological research on the possible implications of cyber porn consumption on gendered expectations and attitudes. This research adds a theoretical and historical component to research exploring cyber porn as cultural contributor to social and sexual gendered beliefs that may result in violent behaviors such as cyber harassment. Using Greg Urban’s theory of cultural motion and Michel Foucault’s theories on sexuality and disciplinary practices, this thesis analyzes discourses surrounding the motion of pornography—before and after the Internet—investigating potential consequences of pornography on the social construction of gender and misogynistic social behaviors. According to Urban, the internalization of cultural beliefs is directly proportional to exposure and frequency of contact with a sensibly tangible form he calls an object. Objects are conductors of social beliefs, myths, and messages. According to Foucault sexuality has become an instrument of oppression (rather than liberation). This thesis argues that pro-porn feminists underestimated the impact of pornography on the social construction of gender, and traces the cultural motion of pornography from 1981-2015 analyzing forces influencing cultural motion. Urban asserts we are now in an age of modern culture that focuses on newness and mass dissemination. Objects of traditional culture can adapt by cleverly reforming with new technology. As a historical object that has existed for centuries, pornography contains traditional culture that has transitioned with remarkable success into modern culture. The Internet is a space that has revolutionized dissemination as mass production and consumption. Consumer statistics support the hypothesis that present day pornography consumption in Western culture is normalized among young people and particularly men. This theoretical discourse analysis supports the hypothesis that pornography directly influences gender role construction that negatively impacts both men and women. This research was limited to the theoretical realm and relied on qualitative data from other studies. Further research is required on how the proliferation, anonymity, and accessibility of pornography is currently contributing toward a radical social construction of gender, unanticipated by the earlier feminist theorists.

Gender, Sexual Affect, and Motivations for Internet Pornography Use

International Journal of Sexual Health, 2008

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Commodified Gender Performance and Influence in Pornography

Pornography is a reflection of a collective fantasy. Pornography can be subtle and nuanced or it may be graphic and direct. Regardless of the form it takes, most pornography reflects a collective fantasy that interacts with societal definitions of gender. The interaction with gender is at the center of the socially objectionable aspects of pornography. It is through gender identity that it is possible for pornography to become violent, to objectify and to become an oppressive force. Pornography's power to do these things is powered by the demands of a capitalist system and supported by the societal structures that create and consume the pornographic commodities. This paper will proceed with the assumption that sexuality in itself is not a shameful occurrence and that it is a central part of the human experience. The potential for societal taboos in regard to the viewing of sexual imagery are set aside so that attention may be given to the gendered systems at work in pornography.

Pornography and Human Sexuality: Implications for Public Policy

PsycEXTRA Dataset, 2004

To encounter erotica designed to appeal to the opposite sex is to gaze into the abyss that separates the sexes." The pornography debate has been a long one and it shows no signs of letting up. People have made the claim that pornography is bad for men, dangerous for women, harmless, a waste of money, bad for people in the industry itself, and a reflection of how some men see (or objectify) women. Many of these claims have not been based on actual research, though some have. Many people are uncomfortable with the whole topic, feeling that sex is not appropriate for public discussion, that there's something inherently "bad" about the idea of pornography. But if we are to reasonably address the issues behind this debate, and perhaps one day end it entirely, we must try to understand the male sexual psychology that makes the pornography industry so successful and how it differs (and at times may resemble) from pornography, or erotica as it is often called, that is produced for female consumption.

I (Dis)Like it Like That: Gender, Pornography, and Liking Sex

Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 2020

Rates of pornography consumption in the U.S. are high and increasing. With exploratory aims, this study addresses the questions: What is the association between pornography consumption and liking of sexual behaviors commonly depicted in pornography, and is enjoyment moderated by gender? Sexual scripts theory suggests that increased pornography consumption is associated with increased engagement in pornographic sex acts, but it does not speak to enjoyment of the acts when engaged. The current study seeks to fill that gap. Based on data collected from a larger sample of 1,883 heterosexual men and women (predominantly, 86.6%, college or university students) in the U.S., and comparing correlations between pornography consumption (frequency of use) and reported enjoyment of a range of sexual behaviors by gender using Fisher's z transformations (a value set at <.0025), analysis revealed that pornography consumption, overall, was not significantly correlated with increased enjoyment of the sexual acts that comprise the pornographic sexual script. However, gender was a significant moderating factor in the enjoyment, specifically, of degrading and/or uncommon acts. Male respondents were significantly more likely to report enjoying these acts than their female counterparts. These findings have possible implications for consumers, educators, and mental health professionals.

Introduction: audiences and consumers of porn

Porn Studies, 2015

Who are pornography consumers? If we are to believe the widespread media coverage, typically authored by journalists who are purportedly not themselves porn users, audiences are made up largely of men, young people and, increasingly, children (Belfast Telegraph Online 2014; Saul 2014), who are routinely watching ever more 'extreme' pornography depicting acts such as rape and bestiality or featuring underage performers (Cadwalladr 2013). What this media coverage tells us time and time again is that audiences are being 'warped' by what they see, their brain chemistry fundamentally altered by these 'addictive' scenes (Porn on the Brain 2013), their ideas of 'healthy' sex and relationships irrevocably corrupted and sullied by porn (Daubney 2013). According to this formulation, pornography is responsible for many perceived social ills. In a sexual education vacuum, children in the playground are googling 'porn' on their smartphones and, in only a click or two, viewing pornography featuring surgically altered, coerced women performing 'unthinkable' acts, and assuming that this is what 'normal' sex looks like (Combi 2012; Purves 2013). Young and teenage men are then demanding and manipulating female sexual partners into activities lifted from their favourite porn scenes; acts such as anal sex and facial ejaculation that, naturally, no respectable heterosexual woman or girl would want to participate in (Saul 2014). Women are getting breast implants, removing their body hair, bleaching their anuses and undergoing genital cosmetic surgery, all in pursuit of the 'perfect' porn star image (Combi 2012). Similarly, with so many varieties of 'porn' available online, viewers are easily invited into homoerotic activity, or (even worse) into acts of bestiality, bodily scarification, sadism or other forms of erotic violence. But when, why and how did it become 'common sense' to claim, first, that these practices are commonplace and/or problematic and, second, that porn is wholly and uncomplicatedly responsible for them? Indeed, these arguments build on a particularly entrenched form of 'common sense', loosely based upon anecdotal evidence and partially researched statistics, while drawing on hegemonic assumptions of sexual 'purity' (and the purity of sexual subjects). The trope of the innocent journalist or researcher putting various search terms into Google and, to their horror, stumbling almost immediately across the most outrageous, shocking and depraved scenes has become wearingly predictable. The naivety of some of the claims made in these articles would be laughable (see Daubney 2013; Coslett 2014) if the attitudes about consumers underpinning such claims were not so taken for granted, and so influential. The logical leap that the writer must take from viewing this material, often for the first time, to holding