Proposing a Novel IoT Framework by Identifying Security and Privacy Issues in Fog Cloud Services Network (original) (raw)

IoT-Fog: A Communication Framework using Blockchain in the Internet of Things

International Journal of recent technology and Engineering, 2019

The fog computing is the emerging technology to compute, store, control and connecting smart devices with each other using cloud computing. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an architecture of uniquely identified interrelated physical things, these physical things are able to communicate with each other and can transmit and receive information. This research presents a framework of the combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Fog computing. The blockchain is also the emerging technology that provides a hyper, distributed, public, authentic ledger to record the transactions. Blockchains technology is a secured technology that can be a boon for the next generation computing. The combination of fog, blockchains, and IoT creates a new opportunity in this area. In this research, the author presents a middleware framework based on the blockchain, fog, and IoT. The framework is implemented and tested. The results are found positive.

On security and privacy issues of fog computing supported Internet of Things environment

2015 6th International Conference on the Network of the Future (NOF), 2015

Recently, the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is attracting much attention due to the huge potential. IoT uses the Internet as a key infrastructure to interconnect numerous geographically diversified IoT nodes which usually have scare resources, and therefore cloud is used as a key back-end supporting infrastructure. In the literature, the collection of the IoT nodes and the cloud is collectively called as an IoT cloud. Unfortunately, the IoT cloud suffers from various drawbacks such as huge network latency as the volume of data which is being processed within the system increases. To alleviate this issue, the concept of fog computing is introduced, in which foglike intermediate computing buffers are located between the IoT nodes and the cloud infrastructure to locally process a significant amount of regional data. Compared to the original IoT cloud, the communication latency as well as the overhead at the backend cloud infrastructure could be significantly reduced in the fog computing supported IoT cloud, which we will refer as IoT fog. Consequently, several valuable services, which were difficult to be delivered by the traditional IoT cloud, can be effectively offered by the IoT fog. In this paper, however, we argue that the adoption of IoT fog introduces several unique security threats. We first discuss the concept of the IoT fog as well as the existing security measures, which might be useful to secure IoT fog. Then, we explore potential threats to IoT fog.

Security Enhancement of IoT and Fog Computing Via Blockchain Applications

JOURNAL OF SOFT COMPUTING AND DATA MINING, 2021

Blockchain technology is now becoming highly appealing to the next generation because it is better tailored to the information age. Blockchain technologies can also be used in the Internet of Things (IoT) and fog computing. The development of IoT and Fog Computing technologies in different fields has resulted in a major improvement in distributed networks. Blockchain technology is now becoming highly appealing to the next generation because it is better tailored to the information age. Blockchain technologies can also be used in IoT and fog computing. The blockchain principle necessitates a transparent data storage mechanism for storing and exchanging data and transactions throughout the network. In this paper, first, we explained blockchain, its architecture, and its security. Then we view Blockchain application in IoT security. Then we explained Fog computing, Generic Security Requirements for Fog Computing, and we also discussed Blockchain applications that enhance Fog Computing Security. Finally, we conduct a review of some recent literature on using blockchain applications to improve IoT and fog computing security and compare the methods proposed in the literature.

Fog computing security and privacy issues, open challenges, and blockchain solution: An overview

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2021

Due to the expansion growth of the IoT devices, Fog computing was proposed to enhance the low latency IoT applications and meet the distribution nature of these devices. However, Fog computing was criticized for several privacy and security vulnerabilities. This paper aims to identify and discuss the security challenges for Fog computing. It also discusses blockchain technology as a complementary mechanism associated with Fog computing to mitigate the impact of these issues. The findings of this paper reveal that blockchain can meet the privacy and security requirements of fog computing; however, there are several limitations of blockchain that should be further investigated in the context of Fog computing.

A Fog Computing-based Framework for Privacy Preserving IoT Environments

The International Arab Journal of Information Technology

Privacy is becoming an indispensable component in the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) context. However, the IoT based devices and tools are exposed to several security and privacy threats, especially that these devices are mainly used to gather data about users’ habits, vital signs, surround environment, etc., which makes them a lucrative target to intruders. Up to date, conventional security and privacy mechanisms are not well optimized for IoT devices due to their limited energy, storage capacity, communication functionality and computing power, which influenced researchers to propose new solutions and algorithms to handle these limitations. Fog and cloud computing have been recently integrated in IoT environment to solve their resources’ limitations, thus facilitating new life scenarios-oriented applications. In this paper, a security and privacy preserving framework is proposed, which utilizes Fog and cloud computing in conjunction with IoT devices that aims at securing the us...

Blending Fog Computing and Blockchain for IoT Security

With the expeditious growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, colossal amount of data have been continuously produced and exchanged through complex networks of IoT devices supporting machine-to-machine communications. Therefore, the classical cloud computing and the centralized data centers could not address the challenges such as high availability, real-time data delivery, scalability, security, and low latency. To mitigate these IoT challenges, fog-based IoT network with SDN/blockchain have been emerged as the new paradigm, which could address most of these challenges faced in the large scale networks like IoT. There are three emerging technologies implemented in this new paradigm, namely Fog computing, Software Defined Network, and Blockchain, which have their own significance in the proposed mechanism. Fog computing, the extension of the classical cloud computing, have significantly mitigate the storage management and latency constraints issues providing the processing and computational capabilities closer to the end users. Blockchain has been seen as one of the best solutions to create distributed cloud infrastructure and provides secure communication in the IoT network. Likewise, Software Defined Network plays the crucial role in managing the large distributed network, bringing the virtualization in the network architecture. Therefore, blending fog computing with SDN/blockchain for communication between the fog layer and the cloud and implementing Fog Security Services at the fog layer to establish secure end-to-end communication achieves higher efficiency in terms of latency, security, scalability and resource utilization.

FogBus: A Blockchain-based Lightweight Framework for Edge and Fog Computing

Arxiv, 2018

The requirement of supporting both latency sensitive and computing intensive Internet of Things (IoT) applications is consistently boosting the necessity for integrating Edge, Fog and Cloud infrastructure. Although there are a number of real-world frameworks attempt to support such integration, they have many limitations from various perspectives including platform independence, security, resource management and multi-application assistance. To address these limitations, we propose a simplified but effective framework, named FogBus for facilitating end-to-end IoT-Fog(Edge)-Cloud integration. FogBus offers a platform independent interface to IoT applications and computing instances for execution and interaction. It not only assists developers in building applications but also helps users in running multiple applications at a time and service providers to manage their resources. In addition, FogBus applies Blockchain, authentication and encryption techniques to secure operations on sensitive data. Because of its lightweight and cross platform software systems, it is easy to deploy, scalable and cost effcient. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework by creating a computing environment with it that integrates finger pulse oximeter as IoT devices with Smartphone-based gateway and Raspberry Pi-based Fog nodes for Sleep Apnea analysis. We also run several experiments on this computing environment varying FogBus settings. The experimental results show that different FogBus settings can improve latency, energy, network and CPU usage of the computing infrastructure.

Blockchain-Enabled SDN for Securing Fog-Based Resource-Constrained IoT

IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), 2020

Software-Defined Network (SDN) is vital in simplifying the dynamic network characteristics and device management. However, the centralized architecture of SDN opens the scope for malicious attacks on the controllers. To mitigate such attacks in real-time, we propose an SDN architecture for resourceconstrained devices in a fog-enabled IoT environment using a private blockchain (pBC) network. We exploit the decentralized nature of pBC for enabling resource-constrained SDN controllers towards transparently setting flow rules for fog nodes and other devices in the network. In case the miners identify faulty flow rules, pBC allows the SDN devices/fog nodes to retract back to an earlier flow rule while raising a flag against the alleged controller. Additionally, since data in pBC are accessible by all the candidates having the same genesis file, they are readily available to malicious users. Towards this, we further propose encrypting the data before inserting them into the blocks, which helps in securing the data from undesired users. Through the extensive deployment of our proposed fusion, we observe CPU usage of 30% among the devices and latencies in the range of milliseconds, which presents the feasibility of our system with minimum delay. We also observe a reduction in energy consumption by more than 90%, compared to traditional SDN.

Secure IoT Network Structure Based on Distributed Fog Computing, with SDN/Blockchain

IoT is a new communication paradigm that gains a very high importance in the past few years. This communication paradigm supports various heterogeneous applications in many fields and with the dramatic increase of the number of sensor devices, it becomes a demand. Designing IoT networks faces many challenges that include security, massive traffic, high availability, high reliability and energy constraints. Thus, new communication technologies and paradigms should be deployed for IoT networks to overcome these challenges and achieve high system performance. Distributed computing techniques (e.g. fog and MEC), software defined networking (SDN), network virtualization and blockchain are common recent paradigms that should be deployed for IoT networks, either combined or individually, to achieve the main requirements of the IoT networks at a high system performance. Fog computing is a form of edge computing that has been developed to provide the computing capabilities (e.g. storage and ...

A Secure Integrated Fog Cloud-IoT Architecture based on Multi-Agents System and Blockchain

2021

Nowadays, the integration of Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things (Cloud-IoT) has drawn attention as new technologies in the Future Internet. Cloud-IoT accommodates good solutions to address real-world problems by offering new services in real-life scenarios. Nonetheless, the traditional Cloud-IoT will be probably not going to give suitable service to the user as it handles enormous amounts of data at a single server. Furthermore, the Cloud-IoT shows huge security and privacy problems that must be solved. To address these issues, we propose an integrated Fog Cloud-IoT architecture based on Multi-Agents System and Blockchain technology. Multi-Agents System has proven itself in decision-making aspects, distributed execution, and its effectiveness in acting in the event of an intrusion without user intervention. On the other side, we propose Blockchain technology as a distributed, public, authentic ledger to record the transactions. The Blockchain represents a great advantage to ...