Efficacy of Methanol Leaf Extract, Biosynthesized Silver and Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Nerium oleander against Musca domestica (original) (raw)
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Parasitology Research, 2013
Green nanoparticle synthesis has been achieved using environmentally acceptable plant extract and ecofriendly reducing and capping agents. The present study was carried out to establish the larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf extract of Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Nanoparticles are being used in many commercial applications. It was found that aqueous silver ions can be reduced by the aqueous extract of the plant parts to generate extremely stable silver nanoparticles in water. The results were recorded from UV-Vis spectrum, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis. The production of the AgNPs synthesized using leaf extract of N. oleander was evaluated through a UV-Vis spectrophotometer in a wavelength range of 200 to 700 nm. This revealed a peak at 440 nm in N. oleander leaf extracts, indicating the production of AgNPs. The FTIR spectra of AgNPs exhibited prominent peaks at 509.12 cm −1 (C-H bend alkenes), 1,077.05 cm −1 (C-O stretch alcohols), 1,600.63 cm −1 (N-H bend amines), 2,736.49 and 2,479.04 cm −1 (O-H stretch carboxylic acids), and 3,415.31 cm −1 (N-H stretching due to amines group). An SEM micrograph showed 20-35-nm-size aggregates of spherical-and cubic-shaped nanoparticles. EDX showed the complete chemical composition of the synthesized nanoparticles of silver. Larvicidal activity of aqueous leaf extract of N. oleander and synthesized AgNPs was carried out against Anopheles stephensi, and the results showed that the highest larval mortality was found in the synthesized AgNPs against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of Anopheles stephensi with the following values: LC 50 of instar larvae 20.60, 24.90, 28.22, and 33.99 ppm; LC 90 of instar larvae 41. 62, 50.33, 57.78, and 68.41 ppm; and LC 50 and LC 90 of pupae 39.55 and 79.10 ppm, respectively. The aqueous leaf extract exhibited larval toxicity against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of Anopheles stephensi with the following values: LC 50 of instar larvae 232. 90, 273.71, 318.94, and 369.96 ppm; LC 90 of instar larvae 455.95, 563.10, 639.86, and 730.30 ppm; and LC 50 and LC 90 of pupae 426.01 and 805.13 ppm, respectively. The chi-square value was significant at p<0.05 level. The possible larvicidal activity may be due to penetration of nanoparticles through a membrane. The results could suggest that the use of plant N. oleander to synthesize silver nanoparticles is a rapid, environmentally safer, and greener approach for mosquito control. This could lead us to a new possibility in vector-control strategy.
Advances in Entomology, 2014
The frequent cases of dengue incidences are leading cause of illness and death in urban areas and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is a primary vector for Dengue transmission in India. Synthesis of leaf mediated silver nanoparticles especially with Pongamia pinnata is a potential substitute for the existing organophosphorus insecticides like Tenophos, malathion and fenthion etc., for mosquito control programme. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectrum, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Analysis of TEM showed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles are in spherical shape with average size of 20 nm. Further the XRD analysis confirms the nano-crystalline phase of silver with face centred cubic (FCC) crystal structure. GC-MS analysis elucidated the presence of two active ingredients, such as 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z) and n-hexadecanoic acid, which are the prominent substances considered as larvicide. Larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of plant extracts and synthesized silver nanoparticles for 24 hours. From the results, it is found that plant extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects but, the synthesized silver nanoparticles had found to be toxic to larvae at LC50 (0.25 ppm) and LC 90 (1 ppm).
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2021
The agricultural wastes adversely affect the environment; however, they are rich in polyphenols; therefore, this study aimed to employ polyphenol-enriched waste extracts for silver nanoparticles synthesis, and study the larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles fabricated by pomegranate and watermelon peels extracts (PPAgNPs and WPAgNPs) against all larval instars of Spodoptera littoralis. The polyphenol profile of pomegranate and watermelon peel extracts (PP and WP) and silver nanoparticles was detected by HPLC. The antioxidant activity was estimated by DPPH, and FARP assays and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc assay. The Larvicidal activity of AgNPs against Egyptian leaf worm was performed by dipping technique. The obtained AgNPs were spherical with size ranged 15-85 nm and capped with proteins and polyphenols. The phenolic compounds in silver nanoparticles increased about extracts; therefore, they have the best performance in antioxidant/reducing activity, and inhibit the growth of tested bacteria and yeast. The PPAgNPs were the most effective against the first instar larvae instar (LC 50 = 68.32 mg/ml), followed by pomegranate extract with (LC 50 = 2852 mg/ml). The results indicated that obvious increase in polyphenols content in silver nanoparticles enhance their larvicidal effect and increasing mortality of 1 st larval of S. littoralis Egyptian leafworms causing additive effect and synergism. We recommend recycling phenolic enriched agricultural wastes in producing green silver nanoprticles to control cotton leafworm that causes economic loses to crops.
Parasite Epidemiology and Control, 2017
The present study deals with the green synthesis of silver nanoparticle from the aqueous leaf extracts of Leucas aspera and Hyptis suaveolens as reducing agent and to investigate the larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by Ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray spectroscopy (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and High-resonance transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis. The nanoparticles are spherical, hexagonal, triangular and polyhedral in shape and the size of the Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of L. aspera was found to be in the range of 7-22 nm and AgNPs of H. suaveolens was 5-25 nm. Larvicidal bioassay with synthesized AgNPs synthesized from L. aspera and H. suaveolens extract, showed 100% mortality at 10 mg/L against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus with LC 50 of 4.02, 4.69, 5.06 mg/L and LC 90 of 11.22, 12.09, 12.74 mg/L and LC 50 of 4.63, 4.04, 3.52 mg/L and LC 90 of 12.07, 10.99, 09.61 respectively. These results suggest that the synthesized AgNPs of L. aspera and H. suaveolens have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly agent for the control of the mosquito larvae. 1. Introduction Nanotechnology concerns with the development of experimental processes for synthesis of nanoparticles of different sizes, shapes and controlled disparity. This provides an efficient control over many of the physical and chemical properties with potential applications in pharmaceuticals and medicine (Dubey et al., 2009). To date, metallic nanoparticle are mostly prepared from noble metals viz., platinum (Pt), gold (Au), silver (Ag) and lead (Pb), among these Ag is the metal of choice in the field of biological system (Elumalai et al., 2015). The nanoparticles, synthesized through green processes, are known as green nanoparticles (GNPs) (Sumit and Nayak, 2012; Abhijith and Thakur, 2012). GNPs are widely applied in the field of medicine such as chemical biosensing, imaging, drug delivery and therapeutic labeling (Kohler et al., 2001) and are applied in the commercially available consumer products such as skin-creams, wound dressing, dental bonding agents, toothpastes and cosmetic products.
In recent years the utilization of secondary metabolites from plant extract has emerged as a novel technology for the synthesis of various nanoparticles.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of plant synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea to control dengue vector Aedes aegypti, malarial vector Anopheles stephensi.The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) particles were confirmed by analysing the excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using UV-vis spectrophotometer at 410 nm. SEM analysis of the synthesized Ag NPs clearly showed the clustered and irregular shapes, mostly aggregated and having the size of 20-35 nm. The chemical composition of elements present in the solution was determined by energy dispersive spectrum. The FTIR analysis of the nanoparticles indicated the presence of proteins, which may be acting as capping agents around the nanoparticles. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles may be triggered by several compounds such as carbonyl groups, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonones, amines, amides, proteins, pigments, alkaloids and other reducing agents present in the biological extracts.These results suggest that the synthesized Ag NPs have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the A. aegypti and A. stephensi. This method is considered as Priya et al. Int. J. Pure Appl. Zool., 2(2): 128-137, 2014 129 a new approach to control vectors. Therefore, this study provides first report on the mosquito larvicidal activity of synthesized Ag NPs against vectors.
Parasitology …, 2012
Vector control is a critical requirement in epidemic disease situations, as is an urgent need to develop new and improved mosquito control methods that are economical and effective yet safe for nontarget organisms and the environment. Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. Use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of synthesized natural products for vector control have been a priority in this area. In the present study, activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Euphorbia hirta (E. hirta) plant leaf extract against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (A. stephensi) was determined. Range of concentrations of synthesized AgNPs (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 ppm) and methanol crude extract (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ppm) were tested against larvae of A. stephensi. The synthesized AgNPs from E. hirta were highly toxic than methanolic crude extract against malarial vector, A. stephensi. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction. SEM analyses of the synthesized showed that AgNPs, measuring 30-60 nm in size, were clearly distinguishable. The synthesized AgNPs showed larvicidal effects after 24 h of exposure; however, the highest larval mortality was found in the synthesized AgNPs against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of values LC 50 (10.14, 16.82, 21.51, and 27.89 ppm, respectively), LC 90 (31.98, 50.38, 60.09, and 69.94 ppm, respectively), and the LC 50 and LC 90 values of pupae of 34.52 and 79.76 ppm, respectively. Methanol extract exhibited the larval toxicity against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of values LC 50 (121.51, 145.40, 169.11, and 197.40 ppm, respectively), LC 90 (236.44, 293.75, 331.42, and 371.34 ppm, respectively), and the LC 50 and LC 90 values of pupae of 219.15 and 396.70 ppm, respectively. No mortality was observed in the control. These results suggest that synthesized silver nanoparticles are a rapid, eco-friendly, and single-step approach; the AgNPs formed can be potential mosquito larvicidal agents.
Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases are prone to raise health and economic impacts. Synthetic insecticide based interventions are indeed in situations of epidemic outbreak and sudden increases of adult mosquitoes. Nanoparticles are being used in many commercial applications and were found that aqueous silver ions can be reduced by aqueous extract of plant parts to generate extremely stable silver nanoparticles in water. Based on this, silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized using leaf aqueous extract (LAE) of Mukia maderaspatana. Further, synthesized SNPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectrum, which indicated a strong plasmon resonance at 427 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the average crystalline size of the synthesized SNPs was approximately 64 nm by Debye-Scherrer formulae. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of different functional groups like amines, halides, alkanes, alkynes, amides and esters with respective stretches, which are responsible for the bioreduction of silver ions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) depicted the spherical morphology of SNPs with size range between 13 and 34 nm. The larvicidal activity of LAE and SNPs exhibited an effective mortality to Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The lethal concentration (LC50; LC90) of LAE and SNPs were found to be 0.506; 1.082, 0.392; 0.870 ppm and 0.211; 0.703, 0.094; 0.482 ppm, respectively on A. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Thus, the synthesized SNPs have shown preponderant larvicidal activity but further studies are needed to formulate the potential larvicidal agents.
Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 2011
To identify the larvicidal activities of silver nano particles synthesised with Rhizophora mucronata (R. mucronata) leaf extract against the larvae of Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus). In vitro larvicidal activities such as LC(50) and LC(90) were assessed for the Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus larval species. Further, characterisation such as UV, XRD, FTIR and AFM analysis were carried out for the synthesised silver nano particles. The LC(50) value of the synthesised silver nano particle was identified as 0.585 and 0.891 mg/L for Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae respectively. Further, the LC(90) values are also identified as 2.615 and 6.291 mg/L for Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus species respectively. The synthesised silver nanoparticles have maximum absorption at 420 nm with the average size of 60-95 nm. The XRD data showed 2θ intense values with various degrees such as 37.10°, 47.66°, 63.97° and 70.01°. The FTIR d...
Parasitology Research, 2011
The aim of this study was to investigate the larvicidal potential of the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae) and synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract against fourth instar larvae of Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Nanoparticles are being used in many commercial applications. It was found that aqueous silver ions can be reduced by aqueous extract of plant parts to generate extremely stable silver nanoparticles in water. The results recorded from UV–vis spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared support the biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles. Larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of plant extracts and synthesized silver nanoparticles for 24 h. All extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects; however, the maximum efficacy was observed in crude methanol, aqueous, and synthesized silver nanoparticles against the larvae of A. subpictus (LC50 = 8.89, 11.82, and 0.69 ppm; LC90 = 28.65, 36.06, and 2.15 ppm) and against the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 9.51, 13.65, and 1.10 ppm; LC90 = 28.13, 35.83, and 3.59 ppm), respectively. These results suggest that the leaf methanol, aqueous extracts of N. nucifera, and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus. This is the first report on the mosquito larvicidal activity of the plant extracts and synthesized nanoparticles.
Phyto-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: A Potent Mosquito Biolarvicidal Agent
Journal of Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic Discovery, 2013
Mosquito transmit diseases like malaria, dengue accounted for global mortality and morbidity with increased resistance to common insecticides. In the present study silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from aqueous leaves extracts of four plant species (Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbia tirucalli, Pedilanthus tithymaloides and Alstonia macrophylla) and there effects on II nd and IV th instars larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi were evaluated. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution and zeta potential analysis. II nd and IV th instars larvae of A. aegypti and A. stephensi were exposed to varying concentrations of AgNPs synthesized from plants under investigation (0.625 to 20 ppm) for 24 hours, which revealed larvicidal activity of AgNPs with LC 50 values of 3.50 to 7.01 ppm against II nd instar and 4.44 to 8.74 ppm against IV th instar larvae of A. aegypti and 5.90 to 8.04 ppm for II nd instar, 4.90 to 9.55 ppm against IV th instar of A. stephensi. Results obtained from this study present biosynthesized silver nanoparticles as novel biolarvicidal agent and can be used along with traditional insecticides as approach of Integrated Pest Management (IPM).