Residential adobe architecture around Santa Fe and Taos from 1900 to the present (original) (raw)
Related papers
Adobe Structures as Our Cultural Heritage and Their Features
European Scientific Journal, 2015
History indicates that the very first homes were built with the use of natural and local materials. Adobe (which is produced from soil) was an important building material and it was used by the groups that established the first settlements. The archaeological excavations (especially in Anatolia and Mesopotamia) continuously prove this indication. At first, humanity led a life in migrant shelters against the harsh and destructive conditions of the nature, but later gave the most beautiful examples of architecture by using materials that he found in his vicinity. Soil has been used as a building material until today and still continues to be so, especially in Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Yemen, Libya. Soil is a very economical material that can be easily shaped. It can keep its form against natural effects and has a very high temperature and permeability resistance. Technological developments have influenced the whole world and provided numerous conveniences and created many positive effects, however they also brought with them a lot of environmental problems that affect the nature and the mankind. To resolve such problems (such as the change in climatic conditions, the increase in temperature and drought, the extinction of some species), the humanity must design structures that are sensitive to the environment. Considering human health and unification with the nature in a building design that is sensitive to the environment, the most suitable material to provide such qualities would be the soil based adobe which has been used both in rural and urban settlements since the Çatalhöyük Neolitik settlement in Anatolia. In this study we will examine structures that were built with soil based material, by giving examples from the past to the present. These structures can be continued not only in Anatolia and Mesopotamia, but also in different parts of the world.
1996
A foreigner arriving in Peru is always surprised at the number of adobe constructions, made from sundried bricks of mud. From grand colonial palaces to simple field enclosures, from the crumbling pyramids of the ancient Moche civilization to the humble homes of poor farmers, these non-fired bricks are an integral part of the Peruvian landscape, particularly along the Pacific coast where it hardly ever rains.
Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 2022
The characterization of the pre-Hispanic and colonial adobes used in the construction of buildings in Mexico was carried out to know the differences between their processes and manufactures. The eight samples obtained correspond to adobe blocks 0.45 m long x 0.35 m wide and 0.12 m thick, which were part of the interiors of houses, the structure of fences, and hacienda galleys. These samples were investigated using X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Fluorescence, and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques to determine the morphometry of the material and its chemical and mineralogical composition. Likewise, some analyzes were performed to determine their mechanical properties (simple compressive strength), physical properties (granulometry, solid density, cohesion, plasticity index, porosity, and moisture content), and biological (organic matter content). The results obtained in terms of the granulometric distribution indicate that pre-Hispanic adobe has a higher content of sand than silt-clay and gravel, while the colonial adobes present a low or null content of gravel with a higher content of silt-clays. Regarding the organic matter content, the colonial adobe presents the highest percentages compared to those of the pre-Hispanic adobes. Taking into account the above the pre-Hispanic adobes have better resistance and durability than colonial adobes due to their granulometric distribution, low organic matter content, good cohesion, high plasticity index, and the use of materials found in their natural environment, while the colonial used recycled materials, coming from the economic activity to which the hacienda was dedicated, for example, agriculture, mining, livestock, this has given rise to different manufacturing techniques and construction styles that reflect the state of conservation of buildings throughout the pre-Hispanic and colonial times. The granulometric distribution that pre-Hispanic adobe provides favorable physical and mechanical qualities for any construction technique, so it is recommended to use this formula to manufacture resistant and durable adobe.
The earliest adobe monumental architecture in the Americas
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2021
Significance This study documents the previously unrecognized technological evolution of pre-Hispanic Andean adobe bricks, the central component of this region’s millennia-long earthen architectural tradition. Multidisciplinary geoarchaeological research in northern Peru shows that the earliest known standing adobe brick architecture in the Andes dates before 5,100 calendar years B.P., using adobes cut from natural clay deposits created by El Niño flooding. Other than the deliberate shaping of the material, they were unmodified but were used like later adobe bricks. Later pre-Hispanic adobe bricks were made more durable by mixing clay with temper and water. The beginning of adobe architecture in the Andes is associated with the construction of early monumental structures for communal ceremonies and the rise of social complexity.
The Preservation of Adobe Buildings
Whether built in the 17th or in the 20th centuries, adobe buildings share common problems of maintenance and deterioration. These types of buildings represent today in Romania a traditional house for country people. It also makes recommendations for preserving adobe buildings. By its composition, adobe construction is inclined to deteriorate; however, the buildings can be made durable and renewable when properly maintained.
Adobe mineralogy: Characterization of adobes from around the world
6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture Adobe 90 preprints Las Cruces New Mexico USA October 1419 1990, 1990
A mineralogical survey of adobes from several historic and archaeological earthen structures in different parts of the world was undertaken to evaluate the variability in durability and resistance to weathering. The mineral composition (including clay type and quantity) and overall particle size distribution was determined for each sample. A study of the effectiveness of two chemical consolidants (an alkoxysilane and an isocyanate) on the adobe samples was also performed. Preliminary results indicate that variation in clay mineralogy and grain size distribution play significant roles in the success or failure of chemical consolidation.
Adobe vernacular heritage in Colima, Mexico.pdf
The importance of this paper focuses on the development of architectural assessment of the typology of adobe buildings in Mexicali, Mexico, which has not been documented to this day; these buildings are largely abandoned because users feel unsafe living in an adobe house in a seismic zone. This assessment supports the patrimonial value, absent for this city´s building, which is highly related to the adequate behavior of these buildings in seismic events. The classification of these buildings supports their conservation because of their local singularity, but also in order to identify the components that have allowed adobe structures, with these characteristics, to have an adequate adaptation to local weather and seismic conditions.
Architecture and ceramic materials, development through time: Adobe and brick
Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering
The fired earth products are from the dawn of time very readily used as a building material in architecture. Regardless of the geographical area, or era, both adobe and bricks have been often used because they are easy and cheap to manufacture. The paper provides the review of adobe and brick use, from the earliest times until nowadays. The evolution of their production, forms, physical properties and ways of their usage on the structures are presented. The goal of the paper is an analysis of development of use of these products which will certainly remain in use for many years to come.
Kerpiç’19 Earthen Heritage, New Technology, Management, 2019
Himis, adobe filled timber framed construction technique, had an important role in the residential practice of Istanbul in the Ottoman period. Especially in the pre-industrial period, it was generally preferred as adobe was a low-costed and easily obtained material. On the other hand, in the studies conducted on the traditional residential architecture of Istanbul, himis structures have been discussed superficially. The aim of this study is to examine the use of soil materials in Istanbul dwellings in historical process. Information about the existence of himis houses in Istanbul before the 19th century is based on Ottoman Archival documents, engravings and observations in travel books of foreign travelers. Industrial developments in 19th century led to rationalization of traditional building production and the use of fabricated wooden elements increased. So, towards the end of the century, unfilled wooden framed with wooden planking houses became widespread. However, adobe filled timber framed construction system continued to be implemented in the urban areas. As from the first quarter of the 20th century, the application of reinforced concrete technique has became widespread in residential construction. This is an indication of the end of traditional construction systems. Nevertheless, archival records and architectural documentation show that the adobe filled timber framed structures, which were built in the previous century, survived in the urban areas until the middle of the 20th century. Himis houses of İstanbul which had decreased in number, were completely destroyed after 1950, because of urbanization pressure. Today, himis houses can be seen only in rural settlements along the perimeter of Istanbul. In this context, Şile district of Istanbul, a region where traditional himis dwellings continue to exist, are discussed in this study.
Balsam, Deaton and Adler Analysis of Adobe Wall Composition at Chaves-Hummingbird Site
Geoarchaeology, 2007
This article investigates adobe wall construction materials utilized by prehistoric inhabitants of Chaves-Hummingbird Pueblo, an ancestral Pueblo village located ~20 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The walls were constructed with native clay-rich soils some time between approximately 1275-1450 A.D. Samples were analyzed with a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer from the near ultraviolet (NUV) through the visible (VIS) and into the near infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Cluster analysis of samples from 275 adobe walls and 36 soil locations surrounding the pueblo room blocks indicates four clusters. Comparison of typical samples from the four clusters indicates that they are very similar and are distinguished by minor variations in the three primary spectrally determined components, Na-Ca montmorillonite, bentonite, and goethite. In general, clusters correspond with room construction episodes that are discernible through patterns of wall bonding and abutment recorded during the archaeological investigation of the site. This suggests that during different phases of construction the source of the wall adobe changed. Many of the soil samples are included in wall clusters and therefore reveal a potential source of material used for adobe, adjacent soils. However, not all the soil surrounding the pueblo grouped with wall clusters indicating a preference for certain soil types and that some soils were probably unsuitable for making adobe. Therefore, diversity in spectrally identified construction materials provides insights into source locations and possible construction preferences of the site inhabitants.