Morphological Study of Adult Human Cadaveric Liver (original) (raw)
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A study on the morphological variations of the liver and its clinical significance
IP innovative publication pvt. ltd, 2019
Introduction: Liver is a wedge shaped visceral organ in the body, occupies right hypochondrium, epigastric region and extends in to left hypochondrium. A thorough knowledge of anatomy of liver and its variations will avoid errors in diagnostic imaging and will also help the surgeons design appropriate surgical approaches. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of our Institution. A total of 35 numbers of livers removed from cadavers were used for the study. The morphological variations of liver such as changes in size, shape, presence of accessory lobes, fissures, hypoplastic lobes were noted and tabulated. Results: Out of the 35 livers studied, 15 specimens (42.9%) exhibited normal fissures and lobes, 13 (37.1%) had accessory fissures over different lobes. In 3(8.6%) specimens of liver hypoplastic left lobe was observed and in 4(11.4%) specimens lingular process of left lobe was observed. There were 8 accessory fissures were seen in right lobe, 5 in left lobe, 4 in caudate lobe and 5 in quadrate lobe. Out of 35 livers studied, accessory lobes were observed in 9 liver specimens, which can be grouped as 1 in right lobe, 2 in left lobe, 5 in caudate lobe and 1 in quadrate lobe. Conclusion: The authors conclude that morphological variations of liver must be taken in to account by the Radiologist and G a stroenterologist while making various differential diagno sis as these variations can present various clinical manifestations/ implications.
Morphological Variations in Human Liver: A Cadaveric Study
Nepal Medical College Journal
The variations of liver like the accessory fissures and lobes are a potential source of diagnostic errors. The knowledge in the variations may help in diagnosis, treatment planning and minimize the risk of post operative complications. The present study was aimed to observe the morphological variations of livers. The study was done in 70 formalin fixed human livers and was observed for morphological variations. The present study concluded the normal morphology of liver was in 54.28% and anomalies in 45.71% of liver. The most common anomalies were accessory fissures which were found in 32.86% of livers. The second common anomalies were absence or incomplete fissure for ligamentum teres in 15.71% of livers. Then the enlarged papillary process was found in 11.43%, short gall bladder was in 10% and elongated left lobe was in 7.14%. The knowledge of normal and variant liver may contribute to the understanding of the liver disease and to achieve correct preoperative diagnosis; and to avoi...
Study of morphological variations of liver in human
Translational Research in Anatomy, 2019
Introduction: Knowledge of variations in the external morphology of liver is essential during radiological investigations and surgery. There are only a few studies which have dealt with the surface variations of the liver. The aim of the present study is to determine the gross anatomical variations of the liver in the South Indian population. Material and methods: The morphological variations of the liver such as changes in size and shape, presence of fissures, pons hepatis and accessory lobes were noted in 70 formalin fixed livers. Results: The morphological variations included fissures in the right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes of the liver (81.4%), elongated left lobe or Beaver's lobe or Netter's type 4 (12.86%), Netter type 2 liver (1.43%), pons hepatis (22.9%), conical shaped right lobe (18.57%), notched border (10%), accessory lobe (12.86%) and quadrate lobe with tongue like projection (7.14%). Variations in caudate lobe including underdeveloped and hypertrophied caudate and papillary process were noted. Conclusion: In this study, various morphological variations of liver were observed. The awareness about this will aid the radiologists to make more accurate analysis of the radiological images and thereby aiding in the reduction of the false reports.
The cross-sectional anatomy of the liver and normal variations
Liver imaging: MRI with CT correlation, 2015
Knowledge of cross-sectional anatomy of the liver is essential for the determination of localization of disease processes and for their management. To have a good knowledge and sense of the cross-sectional anatomy of the liver on computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, the segmental anatomy of the hepatic parenchyma and the anatomy of hepatic fissures, hepatic vessels, and bile ducts should be understood. Liver anatomy can be described using two different approaches, including morphological anatomy and functional anatomy (1). Morphological anatomy of the liver describes the liver anatomy depending on external appearance of the liver (1). Four lobes of the liver including the right, left, caudate and quadrate can be identified on the basis of the fissures of the liver surface (1). Morphological anatomy is not sufficient for the needs of modern radiology, hepatology, and hepatobiliary surgery. Functional anatomy of the liver describes the functional segments of the liver on the basis of the anatomy of hepatic vessels and bile ducts (1). Functional anatomy is necessary to meet the needs of modern radiology, hepatology, and hepatobiliary surgery. Functional anatomy of the liver has been described by a number of different nomenclature systems for the determination of anatomic segments of the liver. A single, universally accepted classification system for the functional segmental anatomy of the liver does not exist. The Goldsmith and Woodburne system (1957), the Couinaud system (1957) and the Bismuth system (1982) are the most commonly used nomenclaturel systems (1).
Morphological Study of Human Liver and Its Surgical Importance
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2017
Background: The liver is largest abdominal viscera located in right hypochondrium ,epigastrium and left hypochondrium in upper abdominal cavity. Although the segmental anatomy of the liver has been extensively researched, very few studies have dealt with surface variations of the liver. The major fissures are important landmarks for interpreting the lobar anatomy and locating the liver lesions. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to determine gross anatomical variations of liver and their clinical and surgical implications. Methods and Results: Present morphological study was conducted on 50 embalmed human livers in the Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi,India. Different variations in lobes, fissures and accessory lobes or fissures were observed. The liver specimens were also classified according to netter's six types of liver variations. Conclusion: The findings of our study may be helpful for surgeons and radiologist to avoid possible errors in interpretations and subsequent misdiagnosis, and to assist in planning appropriate surgical approaches.
Study of Morphological Variations in Human Cadaveric Livers
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2018
Background: Liver is a large gland which occupies a substantial (large) portion of the abdominal cavity of human body .It is situated below the right side of diaphragm and mainly occupies the right hypochondrium, epigastrium and part of left hypochondrium. Anatomically it has left and right lobes which are divided by falciparm ligament, fissure for ligamentamvenousm and fissure for ligamentamteres. It has caudate and quardate lobes as the parts of right anatomical lobe Anatomical variations in cadaveric livers are present in form of lingular process of left lobe, accessory lobe,hypoplastic lobe, accessory fissure and diaphargmatic groove on superior surface of liver.The knowledge of morphological variations of liver may be useful to surgeon during transplantation physicians to rule out the liver diseases and radiologist for correct diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The knowledge of morphological variations was observed in 50 livers during the routine dissection and specimen present in department of anatomy.In 50 livers we observed 23 were present with morphological variation this shows that 46% of liver were abnormal. Conclusion: In the present study it is observed that accessory lobe, hypo plastic lobe, accessory fissure and diapharmatic grove on superior surface of liver are more common morphological variations .The morphological variations remains asymptomatic but can lead to misinterpretations during surgical and radiological procedure. Thus the present study is useful for radiologists and surgeons to plan the surgical procedures.
Morphological Study of Human Cadaveric Liver and its Surgical Significance
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANATOMY RADIOLOGY AND SURGERY
Introduction: The liver is the largest organ of the abdominal viscera. Knowledge of anatomy of liver and its variations is indispensable for accurate diagnosis of cases by radiologists, and prevention of unwanted surgical complications by surgeons. Many researchers have studied the segmental anatomy of the liver, but there are very few studies regarding the surface variations of liver. Aim: To document the surface variations of liver and discuss them from clinical perspective. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2015 to May 2019 on 50 liver specimens in the Department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College. These livers were observed for any surface variations such as abnormal fissures or lobes, elongation or hypoplasia of lobes, etc. Data were tabulated and stats were calculated in percentages. Descriptive analysis of data has been carried out and mentioned in the study. Results: In the present study, out of 50 liver speci...
Morphological Variations and Morphometric Analysis of the Caudate Lobe of Liver: A Cadaveric Study
Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College, 2021
Introduction: The caudate lobe is most referred area of the liver radiologically. In cirrhosis, the right lobe exhibits relatively greater shrinkage, while the caudate lobe undergoes relative enlargement as it is the only segment which receives blood independently from left and right branches of portal veins. Aims: To assess the morphological variations and morphometric analysis of the caudate lobe of liver in the cadavers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on 48 formalin fixed human liver specimens available in the gross anatomy laboratory of Department of Anatomy, National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal. The caudate lobe of liver specimens was studied for morphological variations and different measurements were taken, and the result was presented in tables. Results: The caudate lobe showed a wide range of variations in shape. Caudate lobe was present in all 48 specimens of liver out of which, 15 specimens were rectangular (31.25%), 26 specimens were ...
Indian Journal of Surgery, 2008
Background Liver size is related to body surface area. The present study was conducted to assess liver size and to fi nd its relationship with body parameters. Also, the external surface of liver was studied for presence of fi ssures, which may demarcate the vascular segments and the blood vessels beneath them and may help the surgeon for resection of liver segment. Material and Methods Apparently normal liver specimens were obtained from 50 cadavers aged 19-65 years. Measurements of liver diameters were taken with the help of Vernier Calipers. Volume of liver was taken by water displacement method. Means and standard deviation of data were calculated and liver dimensions were co-related with body parameters. Results The mean maximum transverse diameter was 199.4 + 24.5 mm and maximum vertical diameter was 149.5 + 18.7 mm. Signifi cant correlations were observed between Maximum anteroposterior diameter and body mass index (p < 0.05);Vertical diameter at falciform ligament and body weight (p < 0.01);Highly signifi cant correlation was seen between liver volume and body surface area (P < 0.001). The fi ssures showed underlying veins draining into the inferior vena cava in 40% cases. Conclusions A signifi cant increase in the body parameters with a corresponding increase in the liver dimensions was found. Study of morphology of liver can help the surgeons to dissect in proper planes to make the resection safe. The surface of liver showed 1-3 fi ssures distributed on all lobes in 70% specimens demarcating the vascular segments, which may help the surgeon during resection of liver.
Some interesting observations on the surface features of the liver and their clinical implications
Singapore medical journal, 2009
A sound knowledge of the normal and variant liver anatomy is a prerequisite to having a favourable surgical outcome. Knowledge of the commonly-occurring variations assumes even more significance in the era of diagnostic imaging and minimally-invasive surgical approaches. Although the segmental anatomy of the liver has been extensively researched, very few studies have dealt with the surface variations of the liver. 90 formalin-fixed livers were utilised for the study. Variations regarding the shapes of the caudate and the quadrate lobes as well as the normal fissures were observed. The presence of the accessory fissures and any other variations on the surface of the livers were noted. Varied shapes of the caudate and the quadrate lobes were encountered. Notching along the inferior border of the caudate lobe was seen in 18 percent of livers, a vertical fissure was observed in 30 percent, and prominent papillary process was seen in 32 percent. Accessory fissures and grooves were more ...