Significant aspects of carbon capture and storage – A review (original) (raw)
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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Geological Sequestration of CO2
CO2 Sequestration [Working Title]
The European Union greenhouse gas emission reduction target can be achieved only by applying efficient technologies, which give reliable results in a very short time. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) into geological formations covers capturing CO 2 at the large point sources, its transportation and underground deposition. The CCS technology is applicable to different industries (natural gas processing, power generation, iron and steel production, cement manufacturing, etc.). Due to huge storage capacity and existing infrastructure, depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs are one of the most favourable storage options. In order to give overall cross section through CCS technology, implementation status and other relevant issues, the chapter covers EU regulation, technology overview, large-scale and pilot CCS projects, CO 2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects, geological storage components, CO 2 storage capacity, potential CO 2 migration paths, risk assessment and CO 2 injection monitoring. Permanent geological sequestration depends on both natural and technical site performance. Site selection, designing, construction and management must ensure acceptable risk rates of less than 1% over thousands of years.
Introduction to Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage
Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 2019
CO2 storage in deep geological formations such as depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, saline aquifers, and methane coal beds has been recognized as an effective method to prevent climate change in the near future. This chapter gives a deeper insight into the major components of the carbon capture and storage technology as a major greenhouse gas mitigation approach implemented worldwide. The mechanisms, challenges, and issues understood so far linked to this technology are discussed. It appears that if a storage project can be safely implemented given the precautions mentioned in this chapter, a great step can be taken towards a better future for the next generation.
Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2015
Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) emissions accumulating in the earth's atmosphere as a result of the use of fossil fuels for energy generation are causing an imbalance in the Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation. This has led to rising surface air and sub-surface ocean temperatures with impending devastating consequences. Most of the damage observed so far is irreversible and will persist for up to 1000 years even after emissions stop. It is now two decades since March 1992 when about 250 scientists and engineers gathered in Amsterdam for the First International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Reduction (ICCDR-1). The Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro (1992) also lent impetus to the quest for CO 2 emissions reduction through the commitment of various governments to tackle the climate change issue. Of the portfolio of options available, a key means of reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is to capture carbon dioxide from large stationary sources, compressed either in supercritical form or sub-cooled liquid form, for underground storage. In this paper, we review the feasibility and development of knowledge and technology for CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) as well as present current status of global CCS development. In addition, we explore possible characterization of depleted oil and gas fields in the Niger Delta for CO 2 sequestration and propose that it is time Nigeria effectively starts a CCS programme especially as a Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) project. Besides earning carbon credits, Nigeria will be attracting increased flow of investment in a capital intensive sector, stimulating transfer of the most innovative technologies available in the power/oil and gas sectors as well as developing infrastructure.
Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide
Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 2009
Carbon dioxide is the main compound identified as affecting the stability of the Earth's climate. A significant reduction in the volume of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere is a key mechanism for mitigating against climate change. Geological storage of CO 2, or the injection and stabilization of large volumes of CO 2 in the subsurface in saline aquifers, existing hydrocarbon reservoirs or unmineable coal-seams, is one of the more technologically advanced options available. A number of studies have been carried out aimed at understanding the behaviour and long term fate of CO 2 when stored in geological formations.
Carbon dioxide capture and storage: Seven years after the IPCC special report
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2012
Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) entails separating carbon dioxide from coal-, biomass-or gas-fired power plants or other large industrial sources, transporting the carbon dioxide by pipeline, injecting it deep underground, and storing it indefinitely in geological reservoirs including depleted oil and gas fields, and saline aquifers. CCS is envisioned to reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions to the atmosphere when applied to large facilities that use fossil fuels. Applied to biomass, it may also lower CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere while supplying energy. The publication of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2005) Special Report on CCS (SRCCS) raised the profile of CCS, particularly among the expert community dealing with international climate policy (Meadowcroft and Langhelle 2009). The expert community now commonly sees CCS as a major option for reducing global emissions of CO 2. The technology plays a major role in long-term scenarios where there is significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (Clarke et al. 2009; IEA 2010a). For CCS to play such a major role, the separation, transport and storage would have to handle large volumes of CO 2 , and involve huge investments in facilities and infrastructure. The SRCCS conveyed some key insights. First, it clearly indicated that in principle, CCS is technically feasible. It also found that subsurface endowments of geological storage are probably massive, but regionally distributed and still highly uncertain.
Carbon Capture, Transport and Geologic Storage: A Brief Introduction
Carbon capture and storage can simply be defined as capturing of waste CO2 from industrial sources at various stages (ex. pre-, post- combustion etc.), transporting it to a storage site (through pipelines etc.) and then depositing it underground so that the CO2 will not re-enter the atmosphere for a geologically significant long time. Because of the low prices of fossil fuels and lesser statutory restrictions in developing countries (which are primarily dependent on this form of energy), aided by slow development and high cost of alternative energy projects, the CO2 emission into the atmosphere has been ever increasing. The long lasting effects of such high levels of CO2 in atmosphere can portray an image of an impending catastrophe but a better approach would be to avoid those and look into the solutions to minimize the CO2 levels in atmosphere. This introductory chapter offers an insight into the technologies and the techniques that have been developed for carbon capture followed by transporting methods (and their problems) and ends with discussing the various storage technologies.
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Issues and Prospects
Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2014
Almost 20 years ago, the first CO2 capture and storage (CCS) project began injecting CO2 into a deep geological formation in an offshore aquifer. Relevant science has advanced in areas such as chemical engineering, geophysics, and social psychology. Governments have generously funded demonstrations. As a result, a handful of industrial-scale CCS projects are currently injecting about 15 megatons of CO2 underground annually that contribute to climate change mitigation. However, CCS is struggling to gain a foothold in the set of options for dealing with climate change. This review explores why and discusses critical conditions for CCS to emerge as a viable mitigation option. Explanations for this struggle include the absence of government action on climate change, economic crisis–induced low carbon prices, public skepticism, increasing costs, and advances in other options including renewables and shale gas. Climate change action is identified as a critical condition for progress in CC...
Quality of geological CO2 storage to avoid jeopardizing climate targets
Climatic Change, 2012
We explore allowable leakage for carbon capture and geological storage to be consistent with maximum global warming targets of 2.5 and 3°C by 2100. Given plausible fossil fuel use and carbon capture and storage scenarios, and based on modeling of timedependent leakage of CO 2 , we employ a climate model to calculate the long-term temperature response of CO 2 emissions. We assume that half of the stored CO 2 is permanently trapped by fast mechanisms. If 40% of global CO 2 emissions are stored in the second half of this century, the temperature effect of escaped CO 2 is too small to compromise a 2.5°C target. If 80% of CO 2 is captured, escaped CO 2 must peak 300 years or later for consistency with this climate target. Due to much more CO 2 stored for the 3 than the 2.5°C target, quality of storage becomes more important. Thus for the 3°C target escaped CO 2 must peak 400 years or later in the 40% scenario, and 3000 years or later in the 80% scenario. Consequently CO 2 escaped from geological storage can compromise the less stringent 3°C target in the long-run if most of global CO 2 emissions have been stored. If less CO 2 is stored only a very high escape scenario can compromise the more stringent 2.5°C target. For the two remaining combinations of storage scenarios and climate targets, leakage must be high to compromise these climate targets. 1 Introduction Limiting man-made global warming is a serious challenge that requires contributions from a wide range of measures to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) in geological formations may become one of a few major climate policy measures that can lead to large cuts in emissions while not requiring major behavioral