Ship recycling, market imperfections, and the relevance of a consortium of ship recycling nations in the Indian subcontinent (original) (raw)
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Ship recycling is an issue currently causing a lot of concern and debates in the globalized world. Around 70% of all end-of-life ships and more than 90% of the EU fleet, are recycled on the beaches of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, causing serious environmental and health hazards. At the same time, ship recycling is a source of valuable recyclable materials, mainly steel scrap used for steel making. India is the 4th largest steel producing country in the world, having a high demand for steel scrap and at the same time accounts for the largest share of the ship recycling activity worldwide. The objective of the study is to provide insight to the relationship between ship recycling and the steel industry in India, with a focus on European ships. Although this relationship is very crucial for the ship recycling issue as a whole, it is one of the least researched angels. A hypothetical scenario is developed assuming that all EU ships recycled in India during 2012 were actually not recycled in India and consequently, the corresponding steel scrap was not available for steel production. The issues that are investigated include the alternative materials that could substitute ships’ scrap for steel making, as well as the related CO2 emissions and overall environmental impacts for the production of the substitute materials. The analysis reveals that in order to substitute steel scrap from ship recycling in India, production of direct reduced iron (DRI) as well as steel from induction furnaces (IFs) would have to increase. Furthermore, the production of these materials would result in additional CO2 emissions as well as extensive soil and air pollution, especially for the case of DRI, due to significant waste generation combined with improper handling and disposal. Therefore, the main conclusion is that ship recycling has a particular importance for the case of India because of the special nature of the Indian steel industry, relying mostly on energy intensive and polluting processes for iron and steel production. In that way, ship recycling can have positive environmental impacts by contributing to CO2 savings related to steel production. However, the results represent only one side of the issue and for that reason they are presented in the form of trade-offs. Ship recycling can contribute in a positive way to steel production in India, if at the same time the negative impacts of the ship recycling activity are dealt with in a proper way.
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Shipbreaking does not feature on the headlines very often, however, this industry plays a very important role in the economies of South Asian countries. The recycling of end-of-life vessels for scrap metal and other materials is a very profitable industry for both ship-owning companies and the owners of shipbreaking yards. However, developing countries pay the highest price in terms of human lives and environmental damage, with Bangladesh, India and Pakistan on the frontline. A legal framework to counteract these sub-standard recycling practices is already in place, thanks to the Basel Convention, the International Maritime Organisation, the International Labour Organisation guidelines and the latest Hong Kong Convention. The European Union has also recently introduced the Ship Recycling Regulation (SRR) aiming to reduce the environmental and human impact of this industry, especially on the developing countries. Yet, it is a long way before the Regulation could prove its effectiveness as experts have criticised its final version. The objective of this paper is to present the issue of shipbreaking in South Asia and its characteristics and to analyse the latest European Regulation on ship recycling, contextualising it in the international legal framework.
Fordham Environmental Law Review, 2020
Ship-breaking is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world and widely known as a pollution-heavy industry. This industry is currently concentrated primarily in three South Asian developing countries, namely Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Ensuring the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships remains a global concern. There are many international regulations which apply to the activities of ship-breaking, but none of them address the issue in a comprehensive manner. The most relevant international instrument governing ship recycling, the 2009 Hong Kong Convention remains unenforceable due to non-ratification by the chief ship recycling states. The only enforceable international instrument closely relevant to ship recycling activity is the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal adopted in 1989. However due to its exceedingly pro-environmental character, its applicability over End of Life ships remains uncertain. As a stopgap measure, this article will attempt to explore other currently enforceable international laws that can potentially be utilized to govern the industry in the face of uncertainty with these two mainstream legal instruments. This article postulates that a prompt solution to this controversial global activity is unlikely to occur anytime soon.
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Ship-recycling in Bangladesh has been playing as a catalyst for the economy by supporting steel industry, shipbuilding industry and other industries and it has also been generating huge employments for the country. But, existing problems of this industry in terms of safety, health and environmental issues bring negative image for the country sometimes. This paper is aimed to identify the underlying problems of ship recycling industry and then analyze the nature of the problems to make it helpful overcoming the obstacles. A brief overview about strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of the industries in global perspective has been also discussed.
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2010
This study seeks to strengthen the knowledge base with respect to competitiveness and profitability of the Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry (SBRI) and to investigate the feasibility of ship breaking countries in this region, specifically Bangladesh and Pakistan, achieving compliance with the Hong Kong Convention (HKC) without jeopardizing the future of the industry there. The objective of the study is to inform key stakeholders associated with policy making and ship breaking including the government of Pakistan and the government of Bangladesh about the current problems encountered in the SBRI and suggest a road map to help strengthen institutional and regulatory systems that can improve work practices in the ship breaking and recycling industry. The study addresses the following: i) it assessed the productivity, competitiveness and growth potential of the industry in Bangladesh and Pakistan (chapter two); ii) it undertook environmental audits of hazardous waste materials presen...
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Social and Political Research Foundation, 2020
The next few years are predicted to see a boom in the ship recycling industry, for reasons that include the financial slowdown at the global level, and the passing of the Recycling of Ships Act, 2019 and ratification of the Hong Kong Convention at the domestic level. This paper, the second in the two-part series on ship recycling, engages with the implications of this boom, both on the lives of workers and the environment. It additionally contextualises the politics of waste – specifically, the global waste trade, and highlights the possibility of a refocus from ship recycling to ship building in the country.
CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 2021
Considering strict environmental concerns and compliances to protect our Globe, sustainable developments in maritime domains comprises of ship building process, transport by shipping and ship recycling process. All three phases having concerns to environmental impacts, but evidence of the impacts of present ship recycling process undermines the Maritime Education's contribution to sustainable development. Ship breaking process includes complete scrapping or partially dismantling of vessels. At the yard, various parts, equipment, hull sections, superstructure materials, pipes, gears etc. are segregated after dismantling. These segregated scraps are recycled and re-use in various industry which is the most important business for ship breaking industry. About 85% ship recycling of the globe are mainly in Bangladesh, India, China and Pakistan, where environmental impacts and health hazards are serious concerns same mentioned by Vally Athanasopoulou. In India, ship recycling process from long time is following in primitive way which is unsafe and has tremendous health hazards.