The precise calculations of the constant terms in the equations of motions of planets and photons of general relativity (original) (raw)
Related papers
SCIREA journal of physics, 2022
In this paper, a standard method is provided to calculate the gravitational deflection of light in the solar system by using the Newtonian theory of gravity. The equation of light's motion in general relativity is compared with that of the Newton's theory of gravity. It is proved that a constant term is missing in the motion equation of general relativity. This constant term is critical to the orbital shape of light's motion in gravity field and causes serious problems so that it can not be correct. The orbital poles of light's motion of general relativity is also calculated. According to the theory of algebraic equation, the orbital poles are determined by a cubic equation of one variable. The calculation of general relativity assumed that light from stars in outer space passed through the solar surface, which was equivalent to assume that the solar radius was a root of the cubic equation. However, it is strictly proved that the solar radius can not be the pole of motion equation of general relativity. The orbital poles of light are located in the interior of the sun which are not far from the center of the sun, so all of
Einstein's Rocket Ship, the Deflection of Light and the Precession of the Orbital Perihelion
The nature of the principle of equivalence is explored. The light ray travel path in an accelerated reference frame, a rocket ship, is described and the rocket ship model is used to derive the deflection of light by a massive body. By accounting for the effect of the velocity of the accelerated observer relative to an inertial frame, the additional deflection angle is obtained due to the aberration of the light beam. This model is applied to the deflection of light by a central gravitational field, giving the total deflection angle in agreement with the standard result. Also, a novel approach is given by considering the deflection of light by a massive body to obtain the precession of the perihelion of a planet. Introduction The deflection by the Sun of light from a distant star is explored within the principle of equivalence. An accelerated system, a constantly accelerating rocket ship, is setup equivalent to the gravitational acceleration of the Sun. The path of a beam of light is analyzed. We show that including the effect of light aberration due to motion of the observer, the deflection in the rocket ship can duplicate the deflection of light passing through the gravitational field of the sun. Then, by taking into account the aberration of light, the problem of the light beam grazing the Sun is resolved and the standard value is obtained. We also consider the advance of the perihelion of a planetary orbit by the deflection of light relative to the orbit, deriving the standard formula.
The Orbital Poles of Lights Motion of General Relativity
SCIREA Journal of Physics, 2022
In this paper, a standard method is provided to calculate the gravitational deflection of light in the solar system by using the Newtonian theory of gravity. The equation of light’s motion in general relativity is compared with that of the Newton's theory of gravity. It is proved that a constant term is missing in the motion equation of general relativity. This constant term is critical to the orbital shape of light’s motion in gravity field and causes serious problems so that it can not be correct. The orbital poles of light’s motion of general relativity is also calculated. According to the theory of algebraic equation, the orbital poles are determined by a cubic equation of one variable. The calculation of general relativity assumed that light from stars in outer space passed through the solar surface, which was equivalent to assume that the solar radius was a root of the cubic equation. However, it is strictly proved that the solar radius can not be the pole of motion equation of general relativity. The orbital poles of light are located in the interior of the sun which are not far from the center of the sun, so all of lights from stars in outer space would enter the solar interior and disappear. It is impossible for the light to be seen by the observers on the earth surface, but this is not the case. The reason is just that the motion equation of motion in general relativity is missing a constant term. It means that the Einstein's prediction that light’s deflection angle was 1.75” in the solar gravitational field can not be correct and general relativity can not hold.
A New Approach to General Relativity
Nature, 1961
Here we present a new point of view for general relativity and/or space-time metrics that is remarkably different from the well-known viewpoint of general relativity. From this unique standpoint, we attempt to derive a new metric as an alternative to the Schwarzschild metric for any planet in the solar system. After determining the metric by means of some simple mathematical and physical manipulations, we used this alternative metric to recalculate the perihelion precession of any planet in the solar system and deflection of light that passes near the sun, as examples of this new viewpoint. While we obtained the result of classical general relativity for the perihelion procession, we found a slightly different result, relative to classical general relativity, for the deflection of light.
The perihelion of Mercury advance and the light bending calculated in (enhanced) Newton’s theory
General Relativity and Gravitation, 2014
We show that results of a simple dynamical gedanken experiment interpreted according to standard Newton's gravitational theory, may reveal that threedimensional space is curved. The experiment may be used to reconstruct the curved geometry of space, i.e. its non-Euclidean metric 3 g ik. The perihelion of Mercury advance and the light bending calculated from the Poisson equation 3 g ik ∇ i ∇ k Φ = −4π Gρ and the equation of motion F i = ma i in the curved geometry 3 g ik have the correct (observed) values. Independently, we also show that Newtonian gravity theory may be enhanced to incorporate the curvature of three dimensional space by adding an extra equation which links the Ricci scalar 3 R with the density of matter ρ. Like
Physics Essays, 2020
This article introduces a new field theory formulation. The new field theory formulation recognizes vector continuity as a general principle and begins with a field that satisfies vector continuity equations. Next, independent of the new formulation, this article introduces a new space-time adjustment. Then, we solve the one-body gravitational problem by applying the space-time adjustment to the new field theory formulation. With the space-time adjustment, the new formulation predicts precisely the same precession of Mercury and the same bending of light as general relativity. The reader will find the validating calculations to be simple. The equations of motion that govern the orbital equations are in terms of Cartesian coordinates and time. An undergraduate college student, with direction, can perform the validations.
2005
General relativistic effects in astrophyiscal systems have been detected thanks to accurate astrometric measurements. We outline some keystones of astrometry such as stellar aberration (argument development during the years 1727-1872); Mercury's perihelion precession (1845-1916); solar disk oblateness (1966-2001); relativistic light deflection (1916-1919); lunar geodetic precession (1916-1988); Lense-Thirring and Pugh-Schiff precessions (1917-1959), finally presenting the issue of the quest for a guide star for GP-B satellite (1974-2004) as application of all previous topics.
American Journal of Physics, 1996
In many metrics of physical interest, the gravitational field can be represented as an optical medium with an effective index of refraction. We show that, in such a metric, the orbits of both massive and massless particles are governed by a variational principle which involves the index of refraction and which assumes the form of Fermat's principle or of Maupertuis's principle. From this variational principle we derive exact equations of motion of Newtonian form which govern both massless and massive particles. These equations of motion are applied to some problems of physical interest.