Co-Infection Of Malaria And Typhoid Fever In Ekwulumili Community Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria (original) (raw)
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A study aimed at determining the prevalence and co-infection of malaria and typhoid fevers was carried out in Ukpor community, Nnewi South Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Biodata of the participants were obtained through oral interviews while malaria and typhoid fevers were diagnosed using venous blood samples collected from apparently healthy individuals who did not show any signs and symptoms of malaria and typoid fevers. Field-stained thick and thin blood films were used to detect malaria parasites the samples. Typhoid fever was diagnosed from the blood samples of the participants using Febrile Diagnostic Test Kit (FDTK) containing the O and H antigens for Paratyphi A and C, and the Typhus D. A total of 155 participants composed of 42 males and 113 females were examined. 64 (41.7%) tested positive for malaria, 60 (38.0%) were positive for typhoid fever and 40 (25.0%) were co-infected with malaria and typhoid. There was no significant difference in co-infection of malaria and typhoid fevers among the gender groups (ᵪ 2 >0.05), though males had higher infection (30.9 %) than the females (17.4 %). There were significant differences in malaria and typhoid co-infections among the villages, age, education and occupational groups (ᵪ 2 <0.05). Location, age, education and occupational groups were considered important predisposing factors of infections with typhoid and malaria fevers. Improved environmental sanitation, personal hygiene, reduction of breeding sites of malaria vectors and houseflies and health education of the people were suggested to check the transmission of malaria and typhoid in the community.
2019
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever among febrile subjects in Port Harcourt. A venous blood sample of 5 ml was collected in an EDTA bottle in accordance with routine clinical practice for all patients referred for laboratory investigation of malaria/typhoid infection from three hospitals in Port Harcourt. Malaria parasites and typhoid infections were determined using examination of blood slides for malaria parasites and serological test for typhoid infection. Infection rate of malaria was determined to be 278 (55.6%) out of 500 patients in Port Harcourt hospitals, 148 (60.7%) males out of 244 were infected and 130 (51.2%) out of 256 females were infected respectively. Malaria infection affected more males than females, although there was no significant difference between both sexes, (p>0.05). Typhoid fever affected 200 (40%) persons, more female subjects 110 (43%) than the male 90 (37%) were infected. The results showed that chisq=9.592. df=5, p-value=0.088 (p>5%). Thus male age group is not significant to the prevalence of malaria infection. Also, female age group is not significant to the prevalence of malaria infection since chi-sq=10.702. df=5, p-value=0.058 (p>5%). However, male and female age groups are significant to the prevalence of malaria infection at 10% significant level. Further results showed that chi-sq=36.081. df=6, p-value=0.000 (p<5%), hence, male age group is significant to positive widal test infection. Also, female age group is significant to positive widal test infection since chi-sq=36.062. df=6, p-value=0.000 (p<5%). More so, male and female age groups are significant to positive widal test infection at 1% significant level. Co-infection of malaria with tyhoid using widal test was 23.0% with more females 28.1% against 17.6% males. The co-infection frequency was higher among the age group 41-60 years and lower among the age range 1-10 years. In conclusion, Malaria, Typhoid fever and their co-infection is high in the Port Harcourt. There is a need to increase awareness campaign about clean environment, hand washing habits and all other steps that would drastically reduce the preponderance of these infections in the study area.
MALARIA AND TYPHOID COINFECTION AMONG IN AND OUT PATIENT IN GUMEL GENERAL HOSPITAL, JIGAWA STATE
MM, 2023
Malaria and typhoid fever are major causes of death in Sub-Saharan African countries. Due to the high risk of these two diseases in Sub-Saharan African countries and Nigeria in particular, this current study was designed to elucidate the prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever and their coinfection in Gumel General Hospital, Jigawa State. Sample of their blood was collected aseptically and subjected to malaria test using standard procedure. The demographic characteristics as well as possible risk factors associated with the transmission of the diseases were harvested using a well-structured questionnaire. Out of 150 sample of blood analyzed, 133 (88.67 %) were positive for malaria, 121 (80.67 %) for typhoid while 80 (55.33 %) were coinfected with the two diseases. The coinfection was higher among the male (71.40%) compared to the female (40.20 %). The coinfection was higher age group 21-30 years (70.80%); followed by age group 1-10 years (70.00 %). Some of the risk factors encountered during the study includes eating outside, river as source of drinking water and usage of pit latrine. Finding from this study established high prevalence of malaria and typhoid and coinfection in the study area. There is therefore, urgent call for mass control measures in the study area.
Prevalence of Malaria and Typhoid Co-infection amongst Residents of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Malaria and typhoid co-infection is of tremendous public health concern in Nigeria and the rest of sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of the co-infection was investigated in Uyo, the capital of Akwa Ibom State. A total of one hundred (100) blood samples were collected from patients with signs and symptoms of malaria and typhoid. These were then examined for malaria parasite using Giemsa stained thick blood films and typhoid fever using widal tube and agglutination tests. Positive widal samples with titre values greater ≥1:80 were regarded as significant and further subjected to blood culture. The socio-demographic factors examined revealed that about 43% were males and 57% were females. About 41% tested positive to malaria despite 85% admitting being on local and orthodox antimalarial therapies during presentation. A total of 64 (64%) gave significant titre (≥ 1/80) for Salmonella, however, only 11 (17%) of these gave positive blood cultures. Interestingly, those with positive blood cultures were also co-infected with malaria.
Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 2019
Background: The occurrence of typhoid fever and malaria co-infection among patients clinically diagnosed of malaria/ and or typhoid fever was investigated in Calabar, Nigeria. Both disorders present with febrile illness. Materials and Methods: Venous blood collected from the study subjects were examined for the presence of Salmonella antibodies using the Slide Widal test (screening test) and the Tube Widal test (confirmatory test) whereas the diagnosis of malaria was based on the examination of a thin and thick blood films stained with 2% Giemsa. Results: The prevalence of malaria and typhoid was 26.7% and 43.3% whereas the prevalence of co-infection of typhoid and malaria was 14.6%. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of malaria by age of patients (P˃0.05, X 2 =2.934). Males 21(30.9%) were more infected with malaria than females 19(23.2%), although there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of infection by gender (P˃0.05, X 2 =0.651). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of typhoid by age of subjects (P˃0.05, X 2 =7.3). More females 38(46.3%) were infected with typhoid fever than males 27(39.7%) although there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of typhoid by gender (P˃0.05, X 2 = 0.269). Age (P˃0.05, X 2 =14.66) and gender (P˃0.05, X 2 =7.62) did not significantly affect the prevalence of co-infection of malaria and typhoid. Subjects aged 46-60 years had the highest co-infection rate of 5(20.0%) while those aged 1-15 years had the least infection 1(5.0%). The occurrence of co-infection among males and females were 9(13.2%) and 12(14.6%) respectively. Conclusions: This study confirmed a high prevalence of malaria (26.7%), typhoid fever (43.3%) and co-infection of malaria and typhoid fever (14.0%) among subjects clinically diagnosed of malaria and / or typhoid fever. This study has confirmed that relying solely on the diagnosis of typhoid fever on results of slide widal test leads to over diagnosis of the infection and unwarranted administration of antibiotics.
African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2018
Background: Malaria and typhoid fever are two leading infections of poverty with serious health and socioeconomic impacts, and due to their geographical overlap, co-infections are very common. Their mimicking symptomatology often present with gross misdiagnosis and mistreatment. This study was carried out to determine the incidence of malaria and typhoid co-infections among adult population in Unwana Community, Afikpo-North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and fifty (350) individuals were examined, their blood samples subjected to microscopic examination and widal agglutination tests, for identification of Plasmodium parasites and antibodies to Salmonella enterica serovar typhi respectively. Questionnaire was administered to obtain information on malaria/typhoid management practices. Results: Out of the 350 blood samples analysed, 190 (54.2%) were positive for malaria, 173 (49.4%) were positive for Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, while 1...
A study of prevalence, knowledge, attitude and management practices of malaria and typhoid fever coinfection was carried out among residents of Obuda-Aba, Abia State, Nigeria, between July and September, 2014. Venepuncture technique was used for collection of the blood samples. A total of 245 persons comprising 120 males and 125 females were examined. Field stained thick and thin blood films were used to detect malaria parasites in the samples. Typhoid fever was diagnosed from each blood sample using Widal test kit. Out of the 245 persons sampled, 95(38.78%) tested positive for malaria, 105 (42.86%) tested positive for typhoid fever, 45(37.50%) were co-infected with malaria and typhoid fever among the males and 55(44.00%) were co-infected with malaria and typhoid fever among the females. Co-infection of malaria and typhoid fever was highest in the age group of 61-75 years, 4(100%) among the males and highest in the age group of 16-30 years, 15(83.33%) among the females. On the perception of the possible causes of malaria and typhoid fever, 24 respondents reported excessive fried oil as the cause while 17 respondents stated excessive intake of alcohol. On the perception of the sign and symptoms associated with malaria and typhoid fever, 77 respondents stated loss of appetite, 67 respondents stated fatigue and 70 respondents stated headache. On the practices available for protection against malaria and typhoid fever, 54 respondents reported routine treatments with drugs, 21 respondents stated good sanitary measures while 33 respondents reported access to safe food and water. There is need for massive health education campaign to educate the residents of Obuda-Aba to correct the wrong perception they have about malaria and typhoid fever for effective treatment and control of the diseases.
CO-INFECTION OF MALARIA AND TYPHOID FEVER IN A TROPICAL COMMUNITY
A study was carried out on patients clinically diagnosed of malaria or typhoid or both, at Nnewi Anambra State, Nigeria, to investigate the level of association between malaria and typhoid fever infections. The stool culture was used as an additional diagnostic test for typho d fever. The study indicated that out of 256 patients, 29(14.36 %) were diagnosed with concurrent malaria and typhoid fever based on bacterio og cal method as compared to 147 (57.42 %) base on serological method. Plasmod um falciparum was the only Plasmodium species isolated. Furthermore, 42.59 % were l kely to have been falsely diagnosed of having concurrent malaria and typhoid fever using serology. Our study indicated that out of 202 (78.90 %) ma aria positive patients, 13(6.44 %); 12(5 94 %) and 3(1.49 %) had concurrent malaria co-existing with Salmonella typhi, S. paratyhpi and S. typhimurium respectively. Malaria was positively associated with typhoid fever (P < 0.05) being more pronounced using serological diagnosis. The difference in the P asmodium falciprum parasteamia and Salmonella antibody titre was only significant using Widal test. Diagnosis of typhoid fever in malaria positive patients using Widal test solely may lead to misleading and unreliable results.
MALARIA/TYPHOID CO-INFECTION AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING HEALTH FACILITIES IN GARKI, ABUJA, NIGERIA
2019
Most cases of malaria/typhoid co-infections are based on mere assumptions, so this study was carried out to determine the actual rate of co-infection of Malaria/Typhoid fever in patients attending health facilities in Garki Abuja. A total of eight hundred (800) blood samples were collected from patients with febrile illness attending a health facility in Area 11, Garki and another in Garki 2, Abuja between the month of April and July. Blood samples were subjected to microscopic examination for the identification of Plasmodium parasites, Widal agglutination test for the identification of antibodies of Salmonella typhi. Overall malaria/typhoid co-infection rate from this study was 50.63%. Malaria infection accounted for 76.13% while typhoid infection was 69.25%. Male gender recorded a higher co infection rate of 54.29% when compared with the female with 48.10%. Age group 31-40 years had the highest co-infection rate (58.50%) and the least was recorded at the age group 51-60 years. PCV range <31% had significant highest prevalence of 90.20% and 72.55% for malaria and typhoid respectively (p<0.05). Observation from the study area showed that they were endemic for malaria parasite infection/Salmonella sp infection. There should be public enlightenment on the preventive and control measures of the two diseases. Also, personal hygiene is hereby encouraged among the populace. KEYWORDS: Malaria, Typhoid fever, Co-infection, Health facility, Widal agglutination test, Salmonella sp
This study on the prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever co-infection and the haematological profile of patients attending hospitals in Wukari Taraba State was concluded in June, 2017. The aim was to determine the prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever co-infection and their effects on blood parameters. It goes without saying, that both malaria and typhoid fever are endemic in the tropical regions in which Nigeria is no exception. Veinous blood was used for the various analyses. Of the 100 patients examined, 88(88%) patients were positive for malaria and 64(64%) patients were positive for typhoid fever. Females were more infected with both malaria and typhoid fever (91% and 64.2% respectively) than males (84% and 63.6% respectively). However, the difference in the prevalence of infections between the genders were statistically insignificant (P >0.05). In the prevalence of co-infection, 56(56%) patients were co-infected. Of the 56 patients, 23(52.3%) were males and 33(58.9%) were females. Gender and age wise, males between age group 31-40years had the highest co-infection (75%) while females between age group 41-50years had the highest prevalence of co-morbidity. In the haematological analyses, this study showed that a reasonable percentage of malaria and typhoid fever infected patients were anaemic (25%), 5.4% had higher than normal leucocyte count, 21.4% with lymphocyte count lower than normal and 8.9% of the co-infected patients had monocyte count higher than the normal range.