Genotyping, Phenotyping, Genetic Engineering, and Screening Techniques Required for Developing Drought-Tolerant Plants (original) (raw)

Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology 4th Edition Taylor & Francis, 2021

Abstract

The unprecedented escalations in global human population growth rate and harmful effects of climate change are the major threats for food supply. The problem of food security highlights the need to employ a combination of modern agricultural and biotechnological approaches to maintain crop performance under normal and widespread stressful conditions. As one of the major constraints in agriculture system, water stress reduces plant productivity by disturbing plant biological activates under mild stress or causing death by completely halting biological activates via irreversible processes under severe stress conditions. Stress damages can be intensified under natural conditions since water shortage commonly occurs simultaneously with salinity and extreme temperatures, affecting multiple complex sensing-signaling networks, which makes the interpretation and prediction of plant responses difficult. The efficacy of different biotechnological methods for identifying genetic basis of desirable phenotypic traits, linking the genotyping to phenotyping data, as well as mapping, screening, and engineering methods are discussed in this chapter to assist breeders and geneticists for developing elite cultivars. Intensive OMICs researches are yet required at different day/night cycles and growth stages under constantly changing environmental conditions considering the interacting internal and external factors particularly in open field conditions to provide sufficient information for optimizing plant performance. This chapter presents the last findings of the most efficient genetic engineering techniques to maintain crop productivity without yield drag under water stress conditions (solely or combined with other stresses) and also to find the potential approaches for developing these techniques.

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