Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments of Koh Sichang Anchorage Area, Thailand (original) (raw)
Related papers
Marine Pollution …, 2006
To assess the status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in coastal and riverine environments in Thailand, we collected 42 surface sediment samples from canals, a river, an estuary, and coastal areas in Thailand in 2003 and analyzed them for PAHs with 3-7 benzene rings by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentration of PAHs ranged from 6 to 8399 ng/g dry weight. The average total PAH concentrations were 2290 ± 2556 ng/g dry weight (n = 8) in canals, 263 ± 174 (n = 11) in the river, 179 ± 222 (n = 9) in the estuary, and 50 ± 56 (n = 14) in coastal areas. Comparison of the concentration range with a worldwide survey of sedimentary PAH concentrations ranked PAH contamination in Thai sediments as low to moderate. The ratio of the sum of methylphenanthrenes to phenanthrene (MP/P ratio) allows discrimination of PAH sources between petrogenic (>2) and pyrogenic (<0.5) origins. Sediments from urban canals in Bangkok showed the highest PAH concentrations and petrogenic signatures (MP/P = 1.84 ± 0.98 [n = 6] in canal sediments) with abundant alkylated PAHs, indicating major sources of petrogenic PAHs in the city. To identify the sources of the petrogenic inputs in Thailand, we analyzed triterpanes, biomarkers of petroleum pollution, in the sediment samples and in potential source materials. Hopane profiles were remarkably uniform throughout the nation, suggesting a diffuse single source (e.g. automobiles). Molecular profiles of hopanes and PAHs in sediments from the urban canals were similar to those in street dust, indicating that street dust is one of the major sources of petrogenic PAHs in the urban area. On the other hand, low levels of PAHs ($50 ng/g) with a pyrogenic signature (MP/P ratio % 0.5) were widely recorded in remote areas of the coast and the Chao Phraya River. These pyrogenic PAHs may be atmospherically transported throughout the nation. Middle and lower reaches of the Chao Phraya River, the river mouth, and the upper Gulf of Thailand showed intermediate concentrations and profiles of PAHs, indicating mixtures of petrogenic and pyrogenic origins. Perylene was abundant in sediments, representing up to 6060% of total identified PAHs. High inputs of soil due to frequent heavy rains could contribute to the high perylene abundance in the sediments. Sedimentary PAH concentrations decreased offshore with a half distance of 6010 km in the upper Gulf off the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. This is probably due to active deposition of laterally transported riverborne particles.
Environmental Sciences: Processes and Impacts, 2013
This paper describes a study of the occurrence, levels and temporal evolution of PAHs in a bay characterized by persistent chronic impacts. A total of 40 samples, 20 of sediment and 20 of water, were taken at each of five different stations, in four sampling campaigns. Analyses of pollutants have been made using GC-MS. Results indicate that in a coastal environment subjected to chronic pollution by pyrolytic PAHs, episodes of petrogenic pollution, like oil-spills, can be identified by the combination of different source ratios. Results also indicate that, in the study area, PAHs are transported from superficial water to sediment. This conclusion is based on the degree of coincidence found in the presence/absence of individual PAHs in both compartments and in their petrogenic/pyrolytic nature, the positive sedimentation rate in the study area, together with the performance of the analyses of unfiltered water and the distribution of sources of PAHs found. Environmental impact PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, a few of them having well-known carcinogenic potential. Since the sources and abundance of PAHs are of special concern, these compounds have been studied in the two main abiotic marine compartments (sediment and seawater, compartments which may lead to exposure of aquatic organisms) of a semi-enclosed body of water, located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and characterized by a chronic persistent impact. Occurrence, levels and temporal evolution of PAHs were studied. Results indicate that in a coastal environment subjected to chronic pollution by pyrolytic PAHs, episodes of petrogenic pollution, like oil-spills, can be identied by the combination of different source ratios. Results also indicate that in the study area PAHs are transported from supercial water to sediment.
Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments, Thailand
2015
To assess the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and identifying the main source of the pollutants in coastal, canals, riverine and the upper Gulf of Thailand, surface sediments were collected from urban canals (n = 8), the Chao Phraya River (n = 11), estuarine (n = 9), coastal area (n = 14) and the upper Gulf of Thailand (n = 28) and analyzed for 3-7 rings of PAHs. Sources pollutants and media of transport (ambient air, asphalt, tire, crankcase oil, soot, street dust, and street runoff) were collected from heavy traffic road in Bangkok and rural area. The research finding indicated that PAHs contaminations in Thai sediments as low to moderate. Especially, urban canals were detected at high concentration ranging from 512 to 8399 ng/g (2290 ± 2556 ng/g; n = 8). On the other hand, the coastal areas were detected at low concentration ranging from 6 to 228 ng/g (50 ± 56 ng/g; n = 14). Among the possible sources of PAHs, cluster analysis categorized that, street dust...
Organic Geochemistry, 2017
After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), the hydrological situation of the 21 reservoir has changed greatly. The concentration and distribution of typical persistent organic 22 pollutants in water and sediment have also changed accordingly. In this study, the 23 concentration, distribution and potential sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 24 (PAHs) and 6 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) during the water drawdown and impoundment 25 periods were investigated in water and sediment from the TGR. According to our results, PAHs 26 and PAEs showed temporal and spatial variations. The mean ΣPAH and ΣPAE concentrations 27 in water and sediment were both higher during the water impoundment period than during 28 the water drawdown period. The water samples from the main stream showed larger ΣPAH 29 concentration fluctuations than those from tributaries. Both the PAH and PAE concentrations 30 meet the Chinese national water environmental quality standard (GB 3838-2002). PAH 31 monomers with 2-3 rings and 4 rings were dominant in water, and 4-ring and 5-6-ring PAHs 32 were dominant in sediment. Din -butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) 33 were the dominant PAE pollutants in the TGR. DBP and DEHP had the highest concentrations 34 in water and sediment, respectively. The main source of PAHs in water from the TGR was 35 petroleum and emissions from coal and biomass combustion, whereas the main sources of 36 PAHs in sediments included coal and biomass combustion, petroleum, and petroleum 37 combustion. The main source of PAEs in water was domestic waste, and the plastics and heavy 38 chemical industries were the main sources of PAEs in sediment Q5 .
2011
The concentrations of parent and alkyl Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediment samples collected from Tuanku Abdul Rahman National Park, Sabah were determined by using GCMS. The ratio of anthracene to anthracene plus phenanthrane, fluorenthane to fluorenthane plus pyrene, benz [a] Kata kunci: PAH, taman negara, sumber pencemaran, sedimen Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic priority pollutants, ubiquitous in the aquatic ecosystems, resistance to biodegradation and show adverse health effects (carcinogenic activity) depending on the molecular weight and structure [Hoffman et al., 1984] [1-5]. PAH can be introduced into the marine environment by various ways such as oil spill, forest fire, combustion of petrol and diesel, coal combustion
Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention - Environmental and Analytical Update, 2012
In the last century, the world has experienced huge and various types of environmental threats. An important group of them is generated from the wide use of fossil fuel such as petroleum as the source of energy in industries, urban development and transportation. Hydrocarbons are the main constituents of fossil fuels thus petroleum hydrocarbons are possible and important source of pollution worldwide. Petroleum hydrocarbons enter the environment from accidental oil spill, natural leaks, industrial releases, vehicles or as byproducts from commercial or domestic uses (Ou et al., 2004). Hydrocarbons in petroleum include several types and categories of normal alkanes (saturated, n-alkane), unsaturated hydrocarbons, non-symmetric cyclic hydrocarbons (terpanes) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Predominance of these compounds in the environmental compartments or samples may indicate petroleum pollution. Petroleum hydrocarbon may disperse in the environment via atmospheric transportation and/or lateral transport. Petroleum contaminants are subject to several processes and changes after production or release such as degradation, photooxidation and decay. The trend over hydrocarbon changes in the environment depends on their chemical characteristics and depositional locations. Locations such as depository sediments under the sea bed surface usually keep hydrocarbon contents unchanged. 2. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) An important class of petroleum hydrocarbons is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs and their derivatives are ubiquitous in the environment such as air, water, soil, sediments and living organisms. PAHs are group of chemicals with more than 10,000 compounds that consist of two or more fused benzene rings (Fig. 1) in different arrangements (Blumer, 1976). Among PAHs compounds, some have potential for being carcinogen, mutagen and disturbing human endocrine systems (Neff, 1979). Therefore they are categorized as environmental high priority contaminants. PAHs are lipophilic compounds consist of 2 to 7 www.intechopen.com Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention-Environmental and Analytical Update 136 benzene rings; the 2-4 rings are classified as Lower Molecular Weight (LMW) since 5-7 as Higher Molecular Weight (HMW). The LMW PAHs are more soluble in water and are acutely toxic to human and living organisms whereas HMW are highly soluble in lipid and more carcinogenic, mutagenic with more time period effects (Neff, 1979). The hydrophobic and lipophilic properties of some HMW PAHs make them relatively insoluble in water and tend to accumulate on surfaces or in non-polar matrices. Fig. 1. Some of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Compounds.