Pronominal systems (original) (raw)
Abstract
Pronominal systems are among those with the highest degree of variability in varieties of English. This may in part be due to the fact that many standard English varieties display some irregularity which is often 'remedied' in speech and/or informal written registers of both native (L1) and non-native (L2) varieties.
Key takeaways
AI
- Pronominal systems exhibit high variability across English varieties, influenced by both L1 and L2 factors.
- A feature catalogue documents 235 features across 78 varieties, expanding pronominal understanding.
- Synthetic and analytic strategies maintain second person plural distinctions in vernacular English.
- Pronoun exchange phenomena show strong regional tendencies, particularly in traditional dialects.
- Gender distinctions in pronouns are shifting towards natural gender, with notable exceptions in dialects.
Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.
References (42)
- Bayley Robert and Otto Santa Ana 2004 'Chicano English: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 374-390.
- Bhatt, Rakesh M. 2004 'Indian English: syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 1016-1030.
- Bloom, Lois 1970 Language Development: Form and Function in Emerging Gram- mars. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Bloom, Paul 1990 'Subjectless sentences in child language', Linguistic Inquiry 21: 491-504.
- Bowerman, Sean 2004 'White South African English: morphology and syntax', in: Kort- mann and Schneider (eds), pp. 948-961.
- Burridge, Kate 2004 'Synopsis: morphological and syntactic variation in the Pacific and Australasia', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 1116-1131.
- Clarke, Sandra 2004a 'The legacy of British and Irish English in Newfoundland', in: Raymond Hickey (ed.) Legacies of Colonial English. Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 242-261. 2004b 'Newfoundland English: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 303-318.
- Davis, Mark 2004- BYU-BNC: The British National Corpus. http://corpus. byu.edu/bnc. 2008- The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): 400m. words, 1990-present. http://www. americancorpus.org. Elworthy, Frederic Thomas 1877 An Outline of the Grammar of the Dialect of West Somerset. London: Trübner.
- 1886 The West Somerset Word-book. London: Trübner.
- Erdmann, Peter 1978 'It's I, it's me: a case for syntax', Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 10: 67-80.
- Escure, Geneviève 2004 'Belize and other central American varieties: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 517-544.
- Filppula, Markku 1999 The Grammar of Irish English. Language in Hibernian Style. London: Routledge. 2004 'Irish English: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 73-101.
- Filppula, Markku, Juhani Klemola and Heli Paulasto 2008 English and Celtic in Contact. London: Routledge.
- Grano, Thomas 2006 "Me and her" meets "He and I": Case, Person and Linear Ordering in English Coordinated Pronouns. BA (honours) thesis, Stanford University: Linguistics Department, School of Humanities and Sciences. Hickey, Raymond 2003 'Rectifying a standard deficiency. Second person pronominal distinctions in varieties of English', in: Irma Taavitsainen and Andreas H. Jucker (eds) Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 345-374.
- 2007 Irish English. History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press.
- Huang, C.-T. James 2007 'On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns', in: Ian Roberts (ed.) Comparative Grammar: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Vol. II: The Null Subject Parameter London: Routledge, pp. 160-210. Originally Linguistic Inquiry (1984) 15: 531-574.
- Huber, Magnus and Kari Dako 2004 'Ghanaian English: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 854-865.
- Ihalainen, Ossi 1985 'Synchronic variation and linguistic change: evidence from British English dialects', in: Roger Eaton, Olga Fischer, Willem Koopman and Frederike van der Leek (eds) Papers from the 4th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Amsterdam, 10-13 April 1985, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 61-72.
- Keenan, Edward L. and Bernard Comrie 1977 'Noun phrase accessibility and Universal Grammar', Linguistic Inquiry 8: 63-99.
- Kortmann, Bernd 2004 'Synopsis: morphological and syntactic variation in the British Isles', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 1089-1103.
- Kortmann, Bernd and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi 2004 'Global synopsis', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 1142- 1202.
- Kortmann, Bernd and Kerstin Lunkenheimer (eds) 2012 The Mouton World Atlas of Varieties of English. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter Mouton.
- Kortmann, Bernd and Edgar W. Schneider (eds) 2004 A Handbook of Varieties of English. A Multimedia Reference Tool. Vol. II: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Kruisinga, Etsko 1905 A Grammar of the Dialect of West Somersetshire: Descriptive and Historical. Bonner Beiträge zur Anglistik, Heft 18. Bonn. McCormick, Kay 2004 'Cape Flats English: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 993-1005.
- Melchers, Gunnel 2004 'English spoken in Orkney and Shetland: morphology, syntax, and lexicon', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 34-46.
- Mesthrie, Rajend 2004a 'Black South African English: morphology and syntax', in: Kort- mann and Schneider (eds), pp. 962-973. 2004b 'Indian South African English: morphology and syntax', in: Kort- mann and Schneider (eds), pp. 974-992. 2006 'Anti-deletions in an L2 grammar. A study of Black South African English mesolect', English World-Wide 27: 111-145.
- Meyerhoff, Miriam 2000 'The emergence of creole subject -verb agreement and the licensing of null subjects', Language Variation and Change 12: 203-30.
- Miller, Jim 2004 'Scottish English: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 47-72.
- Montgomery, Michael B. 2004 'Appalachian English: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 245-280.
- Morris, Lori 1991 Gender in Modern English: The System and its Uses. PhD thesis, Université Laval (Quebec).
- Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2004 'Gullah: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 356-373.
- Orton, Harold and Eugen Dieth (eds) 1962-71 Survey of English Dialects. The Basic Material. Leeds: Edward Arnold. Paddock, Harold 1991 'The actuation problem for gender change in Wessex versus Newfoundland', in: Peter Trudgill and J. K. Chambers (eds) Dialects of English. Studies in Grammatical Variation. London: Longman, pp. 29-46.
- Patrick, Peter L. 2004 'Jamaican Creole: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 407-438.
- Pawley, Andrew 2004 'Australian Vernacular English: some grammatical characteristics', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 611-642.
- Rogers, Norman 1979 Wessex Dialect. Bradford-on-Avon: Moonraker.
- Schneider, Edgar W. 2004 'Synopsis: morphological and syntactic variation in the Americas and the Caribbean', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 1104- 1115. Singler, John Victor 2004 'Liberian Settler English: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 879-897.
- Tripathi, P. D. 1990 'English in Zambia', English Today 23: 34-38.
- Trudgill, Peter 2004a 'The dialect of East Anglia: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 142-153.
- 2004b New-Dialect Formation. The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wagner, Susanne 2002 'We don' say she, do us? Pronoun exchange -a feature of English dialects? Manuscript University of Freiburg; http://bit.ly/eyRtT4\. 2003 Gender in English Pronouns. Myth and Reality. PhD thesis, Albert- Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg. http://www.freidok. uni-freiburg.de/ volltexte/1412. 2004a 'English dialects in the Southwest: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 154-174. 2004b '"Gendered" pronouns in English dialects -A typological perspec- tive', in: Bernd Kortmann (ed.) Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 479-496. forthc. Null Subjects in English. Postdoctoral thesis, English Language and Linguistics, Chemnitz University of Technology.
- Wee, Lionel 2004 'Singapore English: morphology and syntax', in: Kortmann and Schneider (eds), pp. 1058-1072.
- Wright, Joseph 1905 The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: Henry Frowde. Additional corpus resources: English Dialect Dictionary (EDD) online http://www.uibk.ac.at/anglistik/projects/speed/startseite\_edd\_online.html Freiburg English Dialect Corpus (FRED) http://www2.anglistik.uni-freiburg.de/institut/lskortmann/FRED/ International Corpus of English (ICE) http://ice-corpora.net/ice/