Chemistry of selected drugs for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition: Tested in vitro and approved by the FDA (original) (raw)
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The major impact produced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-coV-2) focused many researchers attention to find treatments that can suppress transmission or ameliorate the disease. despite the very fast and large flow of scientific data on possible treatment solutions , none have yet demonstrated unequivocal clinical utility against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This work represents an exhaustive and critical review of all available data on potential treatments for cOVId-19, highlighting their mechanistic characteristics and the strategy development rationale. Drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning, and target based methods are the most used strategies to advance therapeutic solutions into clinical practice. current in silico, in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding proposed treatments are summarized providing strong support for future research efforts. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Virological, genomic, and host aspects related to cOVId-19 treatment 3. Pathogenesis 4. Treatment strategies 5. discussion
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Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre-including this research content-immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
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The disease caused by viral pneumonia called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2) declared by the World Health Organization is a global pandemic that the world has witnessed since the last Ebola epidemic, SARS and MERS viruses. Many chemical compounds with antiviral activity are currently undergoing clinical investigation in order to find treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Ongoing drug-drug interaction examinations on new, existing, and repurposed antiviral drugs are yet to provide adequate safety, toxicological, and effective monitoring protocols. This review presents an overview of direct and indirect antiviral drugs, antibiotics, and immune-stimulants used in the management of SARS-CoV-2. It also seeks to outline the recent development of drugs with anti-coronavirus effects; their mono and combination therapy in managing the disease vis-à-vis their biological sources and chemistry. Co-administration of these drugs and their interactions were discussed to provide significant insight into how adequate monitoring of patients towards effective health management could be achieved.
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Background At the end of 2019, the new Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) strain causing severe acute respiratory syndrome swept the world. From November 2019 till February 2021, this virus infected nearly 104 million, with more than two million deaths and about 25 million active cases. This has prompted scientists to discover effective drugs to combat this pandemic. Area covered Drug repurposing is the magic bullet for treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). Therefore, several drugs have been investigated in silico, in vitro, as well as through human trials such as anti-SARS-CoV2 agents, or to prevent the complications resulting from the virus. In this review, the mechanisms of action of different therapeutic strategies are summarized. According to the WHO, different classes of drugs can be used, including anti-malarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-coagulant drugs, as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antibiotics, vitamins, zinc, neutralizing antibodies, and convalescent plasma therapy. Recently, there are some vaccines which are approved against SARS-CoV2. Expert opinion A complete understanding of the structure and function of all viral proteins that play a fundamental role in viral infection, which contribute to the therapeutic intervention and the development of vaccine in order to reduce the mortality rate.
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SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic represents the primary public health concern nowadays, and great efforts are made worldwide for efficient management of this crisis. Considerable scientific progress was recorded regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection in terms of genomic structure, diagnostic tools, viral transmission, mechanism of viral infection, symptomatology, clinical impact, and complications, but these data evolve constantly. Up to date, neither an effective vaccine nor SARS-CoV-2 specific antiviral agents have been approved, but significant advances were enlisted in this direction by investigating repurposed approved drugs (ongoing clinical trials) or developing innovative antiviral drugs (preclinical and clinical studies). This review presents a thorough analysis of repurposed drug admitted for compassionate use from a chemical structure—biological activity perspective highlighting the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) pr...
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A highly pathogenic viral infection with several symptoms have been reported such as fever, cough, breathing difficulty, fatigue, headache, failure of taste or smell sensation, sore throat, congestion and diarrhoea in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China. In 30th January, 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease to be a Public Health Emergency of global Concern. This virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted after close contact with an infected patient, and has quickly spread globally. In this pandemic, several types of drugs, non-drugs treatment, and their combination are being used to manage the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) affected patients which caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although none of them are officially recommended by any national and international committee such as U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) because the efficacy and the safety aspects of these treatments are still unide...
In Vivo, 2020
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), initially termed 2019-new CoV (2019-nCoV), is a novel coronavirus responsible for the severe respiratory illness currently ongoing worldwide from the beginning of December 2019. This beta gene virus, very close to bat coronaviruses (bat-CoV-RaTG13) and bat-SL-CoVZC45, causes a severe disease, similar to those caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and SARS-CoV viruses, featured by low to moderate mortality rate. Unfortunately, the antiviral drugs commonly used in clinical practice to treat viral infections, are not applicable to SARS-Cov-2 and no vaccine is available. Thus, it is extremely necessary to identify new drugs suitable for the treatment of the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Different preclinical studies conducted on other coronaviruses suggested that promising clinical outcomes for 2019-nCoV should be obtained by using alpha-interferon, chloroquine phosphate, arabinol, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and antiinflammatory drugs. Moreover, clinical trials with these suitable drugs should be performed on patients affected by SARS-Cov-2 to prove their efficacy and safety. Finally, a very promising therapeutic drug, tocilizumab, is discussed; it is currently used to treat patients presenting COVID-19 pneumonia. Herein, we recapitulate these experimental studies to highlight the use of antiviral drugs for the treatment of SARS-Cov-2 disease. SARS-Cov-2, initially termed 2019-new CoV (2019-nCoV), is a novel coronavirus (CoV) responsible for the severe respiratory illness currently ongoing worldwide from the end of December 2019. This virus is the seventh coronavirus identified able to infect humans (1-3). Belonging to a family of single-stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA), SARS-Cov-2 which is a beta gene virus genetically very closed to bat-CoV-RaTG13 and bat-SL-CoVZC45 Covs, can cause severe illness with still unknown dynamics. Similarly, to other human CoVs such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, this virus can result in severe clinical pictures. In particular, the clinical conditions associated with SARS-Cov-2-generally termed as COVID-19 which is the acronym of "coronavirus disease 2019"-may range from uncomplicated (mild) illness to moderate or severe pneumonia to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) involving sepsis, septic shock, and multiorgan failure. Unfortunately, to date, no specific antiviral agent is recommended for use in clinical practice to treat this viral infection and no vaccine is available. Thus, it is extremely necessary to identify new drugs suitable for the treatment of the SARS-Cov-2 outbreak (4). Different preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies on other CoV-induced diseases suggested that promising clinical outcomes for SARS-Cov-2 patients should be obtained by using alpha-interferon, chloroquine phosphate, arabinol, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and anti-inflammatory drugs (5-10). Moreover, clinical trials with these suitable drugs should be performed on patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 to prove their efficacy and safety as recently proposed for tocilizumab (11). Herein, we review these experimental studies to shed light on the potential use of alternative antiviral drugs for the treatment of 2019-nCoV.