Climatic Effects on Food Grain Productivity in India A Crop Wise Analysis (original) (raw)

Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Yield: Evidence from Odisha, India

This paper explores the impact of climate variables such as temperature and rainfall on yields of seven selected crops such as rice, maize, groundnuts, rapeseed & mustard, chickpea, Pigeonpea and sesame during the period 1970-2014. We used panel data for 45 years to assess the impact of climate change on agriculture yield. In the presence of auto-correlation and Heteroscedasticity we estimate the panel corrected standard error with a fixed effect panel regression. The regression results reinforce that crop yields of the selected crops are susceptible to climate change. The relative magnitude of rainfall and temperature changes appears to play a pivotal role in determining the direction of change in the yield. It is also observed that the rainfall has significant positive effects on the yields of all the selected crops under study. In case of temperature, we observed mix results for the selected crops under study. However, the extent of increase in the temperature appears to be more harmful for the crop yields. Further, the non-climatic factors like irrigation and fertilizers were found to be very instrumental in increasing the yields of the selected crops. In the light of negative effects of climate change, appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies are required to delve with the deteriorative effects of climate change. 1. Backdrops Climate change is the buzz word which has received considerable attention in this century due to its potential impacts on the whole Earth system. It is the greatest challenge that the human civilization is ever facing in the 21 st century with various implications on agriculture, industry, natural resources, human habitations, and health status. Since the climate change alters temperature and precipitation worldwide with variation from place to place, these changes required to be quantified regionally and locally for its understanding and better management at local level. Odisha is one of the coastal states of India and its economy closely tied to its natural resource base and climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture, the state may face a major economic threat because of the projected climate change. Wide variability in rainfall has already brought about a significant level of instability in crop production in the certain region of Odisha with considerable effects on the income, expenditure and savings of rural households (Swain and Swain, 2006). Significant impacts of changing rainfall pattern and rising temperature on cereals, pulses and oilseed production in Odisha has observed in the last five decades (Das, 2016). Thus, in the changing climate as predicted it is bound to affect agricultural production and related sectors with concomitant negative implications for sustainable food security (Nelson & Mensbrugghe, 2014). Therefore, a proper understanding of the impacts of climate change on various crops yield is required to withstand adapt the concomitant negative effects of its on agriculture. On the above background, this paper investigates the impacts of climate variables such as rainfall and temperature on the yields of selected crops in Odisha. 2. Brief Review of Literature The effects of climate change are very pervasive and those in low-income countries who contribute least to climate change are most vulnerable to its effects. Climate impact studies have consistently predicted extensive impacts to the agricultural sector across the globe (Tol, 2009). Climatic changes and increasing climatic variability are likely to aggravate the problems of future food security by exerting pressure on agriculture. Agriculture is one of the sectors that are most likely to be sensitive to the primary effects of climate change, such as changes in growing season, temperature, and precipitation (Torvanger, Twena and Romstad, 2004). Climate change is expected to influence crop and livestock production, hydrologic balances, input supplies and other components of agricultural systems (Adams, Hurd, Lenhart, & Leary, 1998). There are evidences that global climatic changes are influencing agriculture through direct and indirect effects on the crops, soils, livestock and pests (Pathak, et al. 2012). The increase in temperature is reducing crop duration and crop

Climate change vis-a-vis Indian agriculture

2012

Climate change and variability are posing the serious challenges influencing the performance of Indian agriculture. The fourth IPCC report clearly brought out the global and regional impacts of projected climate change on agriculture. India being a large country with diverse agro-climatic regions is more vulnerable in view of huge population dependant on agriculture and poor coping mechanism. There are evidences already of negative impacts on yield of wheat, rice and other crops in parts of India due to increased temperature, increased water stress and reduction in number of rainy days which in turn would result in greater instability in food production. Researchers and policy framers should develop a comprehensive adaptation and mitigation strategies for coping the adverse impact of climate change. Changes in land use management, development of multiple stress tolerant varieties, efficient cropping systems that match with changed rainfall patterns, resource conservation technologie...

Effect of Climate Change on Crop Production in India

International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest

Agriculture and climate change are deeply intertwined. Crop production is highly sensitive to climate. It is affected by long-term trends in average rainfall and temperature, inter-annual climate variability, and extreme weather events. Climate change induced increases in temperatures, rainfall variation and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events are adding to pressures on global agricultural and food systems. Climate change is expected to negatively affect both crop and livestock production systems in most regions, although some countries may actually benefit from the changing conditions. The changing climate is also adding to resource problems, such as water scarcity, pollution and soil degradation. Climate change is likely to contribute substantially to food insecurity in the future, by increasing food prices, and reducing food production. Climate change is already affecting agriculture, with effects unevenly distributed across the world. Future climate change will...

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE: CASE OF INDIA

A Journal of Radix International Educational and Research Consortium, 2014

Climate change is one of the greatest threat challenge and at the same time opportunity to the mankind. In the last century, the surface temperature increase by 0.4°c this moderate change in the temperature has impacted the mankind adversely. Various researches has shown that there is increase in melting glaciers (including Himalayas) increase In humidity, increase in rainfall, frequent and intense storms, stronger winds, dust storms and increase in sea level. The increase in temperature has also resulted in marginal adverse impact on agriculture. The climate change can be used as an opportunity to bring in green technology, reduce emissions and keep the ecosystem intact for future generations. Various researchers, IPCC, Indian agriculture and research Institute study-on climate change has indicated reduction in productivity and loss of yield in wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, coffee, tea, coconut, onion, fruits, and vegetables and on milk production. The climate change impact on agriculture sector will threaten the food security issues. The reduction food and water may even fuel the conflicts and wars among economies. Hence organic and natural farming should be promoted along with implementation of other recommendations like ~sta111ishing Green Research Fund; management of water resources etc. if the warnings of IPCC and the other Institutions are not taken seriously the climate change may slowly pave the path ; to the extinction of human beings from the earth itself.

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE: A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE

Impact of Climate Change on Socio Economics and Ecological Transformation in Himalayan Region, 2023

The global economy has been impacted by the changing climatic circumstances, which also have an impact on people's livelihoods and needs. One of the biggest dangers to economic stability is climate change. Climate change is defined as the change in various attributes of climate like minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation, humidity, etc. According to World Bank, Climate change is the significant variation of average weather conditions becoming, for example, warmer, wetter, or drier-over several decades or longer that can occur due to natural reasons, but since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the 19th century, it has been predominantly due to anthropogenic activities. Increased temperatures, sea level rise, and severe weather will harm property and vital infrastructure, have a detrimental impact on productivity and human health, and harm industries like forestry, agriculture, fishing, and tourism. As per the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2018), greenhouse gas (GHG) accumulation owing to increased anthropogenic emissions has caused 1.0°C of global warming above pre-industrial levels, which is likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052, causing greater frequency of extreme weather events (droughts, floods, and heat waves). India is already experiencing a warming climate. A nation's food security is impacted since the agricultural industry is also severely impacted. It's anticipated that unusually hot episodes would happen more frequently and span considerably wider areas. The west coast and southern India are predicted to transition to new, high-temperature climatic regimes with severe agricultural consequences. With more than sixty percent of its population dependent on climate sensitive activities such as agriculture, the impacts of climate change on agriculture assume significant importance for India. With a global average temperature rise of 2°C, the predictability of India's summer monsoon is expected to significantly diminish. By the close of this century, projections suggest that an exceedingly wet monsoon, presently an event occurring once every century, will transpire approximately every decade with a 4°C temperature increase. This substantial shift in the monsoon pattern could lead to heightened instances of both flooding and more frequent droughts across extensive areas of India, precipitating a severe crisis. Certain regions, notably northwestern India, Jharkhand, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh, are poised to experience a heightened frequency of droughts.By the 2040s, excessive heat is predicted to have a significant negative impact on crop output. Some of the negative effects can be reduced by making investments in R&D for the development of drought-resistant crops (Sharma, 2023). India is heavily reliant on groundwater because more than 60% of its agriculture is rain-fed (Swain, 2023).15% of India's groundwater resources are being overused, even without climate change. The world's population is projected to increase, earnings are expected to rise, there will be more demand for bio-fuels, and food prices will likely rise even without climate change. While overall rice yields have increased, a major decrease in rice crop production has occurred in India as a result of rising temperatures and low rainfall. The climate change in recent years have shown rise in temperature which will ultimately lead to decline in not only production of rice, but also will reduce other major crops of the country. The fluctuation in rainfall is harmful for both water loving and water sensitive crops (Raj and Singh, 2023). This variation will also lead to water availability crisis to majority of the regions of the country where agriculture is rainfed. Water stress is already present in several areas of India .Anticipated challenges in meeting future water demands are expected to become increasingly formidable, regardless of climate change. The situation is projected to deteriorate further as a result of urbanization, population growth, economic advancement, and heightened water requirements from both industry and agriculture. Moreover, certain regions are forecasted to experience exacerbated water scarcity issues due to amplified variations in monsoon rainfall. India being an agrarian country has taken major steps towards the improvement of its agriculture sector and its practices such as Agro biodiversity, water use efficiency and soil health. With only two indicators under the Agriculture category the efforts of India towards the improvement of its agriculture sector.

Climate Change Impact on Agriculture and Food Security in India

2018

in the world. Increased occurrence of temperature extremes, increase in the number of warm days and nights, altered rainfall patterns, increased frequency of deficit monsoons and heavy precipitation events have been observed in the country. Further, these trends are projected to continue. In this context, the study discusses the climate change trends and their impact on agriculture and food security in the country. The empirical analysis using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Instrumental Variables ((IV) regressions shows that climate especially temperatures adversely impact both agriculture and food security. The importance of promotion of appropriate strategies to address agricultural productivity especially enhanced irrigation facilities, infrastructure and adoption of direct interventionist measures addressing food insecurity in the country is underlined by the research article.

Climate Change and its impacts on Indian agriculture: An Econometric analysis

Journal of Public Affairs, 2019

This study assessed the climate change impacts on land productivity for major food and nonfood grain crops in India. We compiled data for 50 years (1967–2016) using 15 crops across India to estimate the variation of agriculture production for each crop by different variables such as temperature and rainfall estimation. Our results indicate that land productivity decreases with an increase in annual average temperature in most of the crops. The adverse impact of climate change on agricultural production indicates food security threat to small and marginal farming households and adversely affected due to climatic fluctuations. Results show that a rise in temperature would reduce agricultural productivity and assessed sensitivity of Indian agriculture to climate change.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE

Similarly in rabi season also one or two protective irrigations are required to sustain the productivity of these crops.