Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism inferred from fatty acid compositions of the diets and tissues of the gypsy moth lymant ria dispar (original) (raw)
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids in neutral lipids and phospholipids of some freshwater insects
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1996
The fatty acid compositions of total neutral lipids and total polar lipids from eight species of freshwater insects were determined: stonefly nymphs (Plecoptera), beetle larvae (Coleoptera), Chironomidae (Diptera), water boatmen (Corixidae and Notonecta; Heteroptera) and mayfly nymphs (Ecdyonurus venosus, Caenis, Ephemerella; Ephemeroptera). In addition, the compositions of individual phosphoglycerides were determined for four of the species (Plecoptera, Corixidae, Ecdyonurus venosus and Emphemerella). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids together represented up to 85% of the fatty acids of total neutral lipids with 16:0 (18-31%) being the most abundant saturated fatty acid and 16:ln-7 (10-28%), 18:ln-9 (6-12%) and 18: ln-7 (3-12%) the most abundant monounsaturates. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accounted for between 16% and 33% of the total fatty acids of neutral lipids, with 20:5n-3 (4-12%), 18:3n-3 (3-30%) and 18:2n-6 (1-8%) all being major components. Arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6 (0.4-1.0%) and 22:6n-3 were, respectively, minor and insignificant components of total neutral lipids. PUFA were major fatty acids (34-56% of the total) in total polar lipids and in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol. The major PUFA present were 20:5n-3 (14-27%) and 18:3n-3 (6-23%). The most abundant n-6 PUFA, especially in phosphoglycerides from Corixidae, was 18:2n-6 (3-11%). Arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6, was present in all phosphoglycerides accounting for 1-4% of the total fatty acids, except in the phosphatidylinositol of Corixidae where it accounted for 12% of the total. 22:6(n-3) was not present in significant amounts in any phosphoglyceride in any species. 18:ln-9 (8-20%) and 18:ln-7 (2-14%) were the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acids, especially in phosphatidylethanolamine. 16:0 was abundant in phosphatidylcholine (11-21%), and 18:0 (17-23%) was abundant in phosphatidylserine. The results are discussed in relation to the functions and origins of PUFA in freshwater insects. COMP BIOCHEM PHYSIOL 114B, 161-170, 1996.
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia
The mophane caterpillar, phane, the larval stage of the emperor moth, Imbrasia belina, is an important food source, with increasing popularity, in the southern African region. The protein and fat contents of phane have been estimated as 55% and 33% (w/w), respectively. Unsaturation content is about 60%, with •-linolenic acid being the dominant fatty acid in the lipid content of phane. An earlier investigation showed that the iodine values of two oil samples from two batches of phane at different ages, i.e., instars, varied significantly. The proximate fatty acid composition has now been determined by capillary GC for five oil samples from five batches of mophane caterpillar, ranging between early III and late V instars in order to investigate any differences in the nature of the lipid content due to age. The oil yield increased steadily from 19.8% (w/w) for early III instars to 38.3% for late V instars. The contents of palmitic and linoleic acids were 8.5% and 24%, respectively, for early III instars, and 31.1% and 10.7%, respectively, for late V instars. The composition of •-linolenic acid peaked at 39.1% for III/IV instars but decreased to 32.5% for late V instars. The lipid content of the leaves of the mophane tree, the principal food source of the mophane caterpillar, was found to be composed of 24% palmitic acid, 4.1% palmitoleic acid, 5.6% stearic acid, 14.85% oleic acid, 15. 6% linoleic acid and 32.9% linolenic acid, a fatty acid composition quite similar to that of mature phane, late V instars. Crude protein content varied irregularly with early III and late V instars being 59.3% and 62.0% (w/w), respectively. This study has demonstrated a dramatic variation in the composition of palmitic and linoleic acids in the lipid content from early III to late V instars of the larvae of Imbrasia belina. The study has also confirmed the larvae of Imbrasia belina as a rich source of protein and •-linolenic acid, the precursor of the ω3 essential fatty acids.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2002
Phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid compositions of whole animals from all life stages of Eurygaster integriceps, including eggs, nymphs, pre-diapausing adults and diapausing adults, were determined. The fatty acid composition of total lipids of their food, wheat, was also determined. The major components of the insects and their food were the expected C16 and C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Since fatty acid compositions of third-stadium nymphs were not similar to the profiles of their food, most likely, dietary fatty acids are modified by the insect. The fact is that the food does not provide C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but the insect tissue lipids include these components. We suggest biosynthesis of the C20 components by elongationydesaturation of C18:2ny6, an abundant component of the diets. We also show differences in fatty acid profiles from each of the life stages. ᮊ
Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, 1998
Prepupae of the Mediterranean arctiid moth Cymbalophora pudica spend hot spring and summer months in a summer diapause (aestivation). Although their cold-hardiness (survival after 1-day exposure to subzero temperatures) is relatively low, it may be moderately enhanced by prior cold acclimation at decreasing above-zero temperatures. In this study, fatty acids of phospholipids and triacylglycerols were analysed in ®ve dierent tissues (body wall, midgut, fat body, silk glands and brain) dissected from both cold-acclimated and control aestivating prepupae. The ®ve most abundant fatty acids (oleic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic and a-linolenic), found generally in both lipidic fractions and all ®ve tissues, represent a typical fatty complement of Lepidoptera. The fatty acid pro®les of individual tissues diered from each other and the response to cold acclimation was also tissue-speci®c. Moderate but signi®cant increases in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids after cold acclimation were observed in triacylglycerols of the body wall, fat body and silk glands. Additionally, signi®cant rearrangements of fatty acid pro®les were found in triacylglycerols of midgut and brain, without changing the unsaturation/saturation ratio. The adaptational value of enhanced¯uidity of fat body triacylglycerols caused by their increased unsaturation remains unclear, because the lipidic energy depots are not utilized during aestivation of this insect. Minimal capacity to alter the membrane-bound fatty acids was found in all tissues except midgut, where the unsaturation/saturation ratio of phospholipids slightly increased after cold acclimation. A low ability to alter the composition of membrane lipids in response to low temperature, correlates well with the low capacity of C. pudica prepupae to enhance their cold-hardiness during cold-acclimation. This may be regarded as indi-rect support for the membrane lipid restructuring in insect cold adaptation.
Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology, 2018
There are increasing interests in rearing edible insects in Africa, but information on how the feeds modify their fatty acids is largely lacking. In this work, the influence of artificial diets on the fatty acid contents and composition in the edible Ruspolia differens (Serville, 1838), in Uganda was assessed. R. differens was reared on the mixtures of six gradually diversified diets of two, three, four, six, eight and nine feeds. The diets were formulated from rice seed head, finger millet seed head, wheat bran, superfeed chicken egg booster, sorghum seed head, germinated finger millet, simsim cake, crushed dog biscuit pellet and shea butter. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared using direct transesterification method, and analysed using gas chromatography. The contents of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid differed significantly among the diets. The more diverse diets resulted in increased content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The n6:n3 ratio differed significantly among the diets and between the sexes, with R. differens fed on the four-feed diet having a higher n6:n3 ratio than those fed on other diets. Also, the fatty acid composition differed significantly among the diets, and diet diversification corresponded with the proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid. Overall, our results demonstrate that higher levels of essential fatty acids can be achieved by rearing R. differens on highly diversified diets. These findings are important in informing the design of future mass-rearing program for this edible insect.
Insect Biochemistry, 1987
Al~traet--Haemolymph concentrations of total carbohydrate and fatty acids were determined in velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hiibner, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adult females throughout a 4-hr period of tethered flight. Total carbohydrate concentration decreased from approx. 30 to 10/~g/#l during the first 45 rain of flight. Total fatty acid concentration increased from approx. 20 to 40 pg/#l during the first 60 min of flight and then declined to and stabilized at preflight levels. The decrease in wet weight (from approx. 97 to 80 mg/moth) during flight was probably due to defecation since no change in dry weight or haemolymph volume occurred. After 4 hr of flight, no apparent change in whole body lipid content (approx. 12 mg/moth) was observed but the much smaller carbohydrate content was reduced approx. 80*/. (from approx. 0.6 to 0.1 mg/moth). Approximately equal amounts (approx. 360-550 #g) of carbohydrate and lipid were removed from the haemolymph during 4 hr of flight. Changes in the haemolymph concentrations of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids correspond to the changes in total fatty acid concentration of the haemolymph, indicating that these are the major components of the lipid mobilized and utilized during flight of A. gemmatalis.
Entomological Research, 2018
Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) is a highly valued edible grasshopper species in Africa. However, the effects of plant diets on lipid content and fatty acid composition of R. differens are not well understood. We tested the effects of four diets on the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of R. differens. Sixth instar nymphs of R. differens were reared on one, and mixtures of two, three, and six natural plant inflorescences. Individuals collected from the field constituted a control treatment. We extracted lipids and analyzed the fatty acid methyl esters using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We analyzed if the total lipid content, body weight, and fatty acid composition differed among diets and between the sexes using two-way ANOVAs and a PERMANOVA model, respectively. The total lipid content and weight of R. differens did not differ among the diets. The nine common fatty acids were palmitic (mean across treatments, 26%), oleic (22%), palmitoleic (18%), linoleic (13%), stearic (7%), myristic (6%), myristoleic (4%), α-linolenic (2%) and arachidic acid (1%). The composition of fatty acids and the proportion of essential fatty acids significantly differed among the diets. The proportion of essential fatty acids was highest in the control treatment (21%) but low in less diversified (one to three feed) diets (12-13%). This study demonstrates that the fatty acid composition in R. differens can be influenced through diet. Thus, with dietary manipulations, using local plants in Africa, it is possible to produce R. differens with preferred high quality essential fatty acids for human consumption.