Methods of Choice in Completed Suicides: Gender Differences and Review of Literature (original) (raw)
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Preference of lethal methods is not the only cause for higher suicide rates in males
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2012
Background: In most countries worldwide suicide rates are higher for males whereas attempted suicide rates are higher for females. The aim is to investigate if the choice of more lethal methods by males explains gender differences in suicide rates. Methods: Data on completed and attempted suicides were collected (n = 3235, Nuremberg and Wuerzburg, years 2000-2004). The research question was analyzed by comparing the methodspecific case fatality (= completed suicides / completed + attempted suicides) for males and females. Results: Among the events captured, men chose high-risk methods like hanging significantly more often than women (φ = −0.27; p b 0.001). However, except for drowning, case fatalities were higher for males than for females within each method. This was most apparent in "hanging" (men 83.5%, women 55.3%; φ = −0.28; p b 0.001) and "poisoning by drugs" (men 7.2%, women 3.4%; φ = −0.09; p b 0.001). Limitations: The sample size (n= 3235) was not enough for comparing method and gender specific case fatalities with a fine-meshed stratification regarding age. Conclusions: Higher suicide rates in males not only result from the choice of more lethal methods. Other factors have to be considered.
Gender Differences in Suicide Methods in Turkey
Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal, 2017
Objective: The purpose of the study to investigate whether there is gender difference in suicide methods and whether there is any variation in suicide methods by gender over time. Method: Secondary data about suicide from 2007 to 2015 were obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute. Gender specific suicide rate was calculated. Then, a paired-samples t-test was conducted, the ratio of male to female and average of each suicide method rate were calculated, and trends about suicide methods by gender between 2007 and 2015 were graphed. Results: Except for intoxication, all other suicide methods including hanging, firearm, jumping, and cutting/burning differ statistically significant between females and males. From 2007 to 2015, males are inclined to use firearms, jumping, intoxication, and cutting/ burning more frequently whereas females have tendency to use jumping more frequently. Conclusions: Suicide methods differ between females and males. Males use more brutal suicide methods compared to females.
2007
ABSTPACT Suicide rates vary greatly by sex an race, but the methods employed by these groups have not been studied closely and across time. Annual official national statistics for specific methods of suicide by sex and specific racial group were examined from 1923 to 1978. During this time period, shifts occurred in the proportions of suicides by method, most noteably for women and Asian-American groups. Although women continued to kill themselves with solid and liquid poic,ons more often than men, in recent years firearms became a more frequent method. Among Japaneseand Chinese-Americans, the most common methods of suicide were hanging, strangulation, and suffocation,. However, the proportions declined over time, while those for methods such as firearms increased. Firearms continued to be the method most often used in completed suicides by Caucasian, Black, and Americar Indian males. Results suggest that acculturation, changing societal roles, and problems with the compilation of o...
Suicide Methods by Gender and Age in Turkey
2018
Objective: The purpose of the study is to investigate the trend in suicide methods rates by gender among age groups over time and whether suicide methods rates significantly differ in age groups between males and females in Turkey. Method: Secondary data on suicide from 2007 to 2015 were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The number of suicide cases was 24,936. Numerical (correlation test) and graphical methods (line charts) were used to show the trends in suicide methods rates by gender among age groups. A dependent sample t-test was conducted to determine whether suicide methods rates significantly differed by gender in age groups. Results: Among all age groups, the most common suicide methods were hanging and firearm for males and hanging and jumping for females except for females aged 15-24 years. Similar to males, hanging and firearm also were the most common suicide methods for females aged 15-24 years. Statistically significant changes in suicide methods rates b...
Study of pattern and outcome of suicidal methods used in Benghazi City – Libya
Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2011
Suicide is no longer a criminal offense in any developed country but continues to be so in many developing countries. The aim was to assess the pattern and outcome of the methods used among the suicidal attempted cases and its medico-legal aspect to some demographical variables. Retrospective review of Benghazi hospitals' record of all cases admitted as a result of suicide attempted through 2008 was carried out. The result showed that male to female ratio was 1:1.75. Mean age of the cases was 26.11 ± 10.10 years. Students represented peak of cases among females and private sector workers among males. Unemployed males represented 26.5%, females 0.5%. Sex difference was statistically significant. 60.8% of females were single as compared to 40.2% males. Drug overdose (75.7%) was the most common pattern of suicidal method used among the cases followed by wrist cutting (8.7%), hanging (7.3%), jumping from height (3.1%), chemical poisoning (3.1%) and burning (2.1%). Hanging was the second method among males (20.6%), no hanging reported among females. Burning committed only by females and constituted 3.2% among them. The difference in methods of suicides between sexes was statistically significant. 35.3% of males as compared to only 5.4% of females dead. The outcome revealed that 100% of hanging dead, jumping from height 77.8%, burn 66.7%. Then cutting wrist 40%, the least rate was found among chemical ingestion 11.1% and drug overdose 1.4%. In conclusion, the suicidal methods depend on sex. Although the suicidal attempted was more common in females than males, the outcome of dead was higher among males.
A Review of the Various Suicide Methods Used Around the World
International Journal of Medical Reviews, 2018
Around 800 000 to 1 million people die by suicide annually, making suicide the 10th leading cause of death worldwide. Suicide rates are higher among men than women, and the probability of suicide is 3 to 4 times higher for men than for women. Non-lethal suicide is more common in young people and women. The type of suicide seen in different countries depends on the culture, economic, and social conditions in the respective country. Also, differences in types of suicide are partly due to the availability of various methods. In recent years, the percentage of suicides has risen in all countries. Surveys show that the most prominent methods of suicide in most countries in the world are hanging and poisoning. The most deadly type of suicide is by gun. The most unsuccessful suicide attempts are overdoses of medication. Knowing about the available suicide methods is important.
Case fatality rates of different suicide methods within Ilam Province of Iran
There are few diverse studies that have reported the case fatality rates of different methods of suicide, none of them are originated from developing countries. The aim of the present article is to report the case fatality rates of different methods of suicide in Ilam province of Iran. Materials and Methods: Data on 611 cases of suicide and 1807 cases of deliberate self harm (DSH) that were recorded in a comprehensive registry during 1995 through 2002 were analyzed for both genders together and for males and females, separately. Findings: For both genders together, the two most fatal methods were hanging (75.4%) and self-immolation (68.3%); for males, hanging (76.3%) and self-immolation (64.7%); and for females, firearms (75%) and hanging (73.7%), respectively. The least fatal methods for both genders together and for females and males separately were drug ingestion and cutting. Conclusion: The results of present study, which for the first time has reported the case fatality rates of suicide methods in a developing world, would not only help to better plan the local suicide prevention strategies and clinical assessment of suicidal cases but to shed light on overall understanding of this mysterious human phenomenon.