The Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone Hormones on Active Hip Joint Position Sense in Healthy Women in Different Phases of a Menstrual Cycle (original) (raw)
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Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology
The proprioceptive system is actually a sensory system based on an individual's knowledge of the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of estrogen and progesterone hormones on understanding and to recognize the proprioceptive sense the knee joint in healthy women during the menstrual cycle. Fifteen healthy women with regular menstrual cycles participated in this study. The estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated during a cycle in the follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases. The effect on the sense of perception and cognition of the proprioceptive knee joint in two directions (extension and flexion), by target angle reconstruction at 30° was studied. The results showed that female sex hormones affect the knee active Joint Position Sense (JPS). In the extensions, the changes of the menstrual cycle affect the JPS in constant error during the ovulation phase. In the flexion, changes in the menstrual cycle affect the JPS in constant, absolute, and variable error during the luteal phase. The findings of this study show that the menstruation phases can change the active JPS at knee joint. Since the outbreak of joint problems, especially in the knee joint, is higher in women than in men, it was predicted that hormonal changes during the menstrual HIGHLIGHTS • The proprioceptive system provides a sense of body awareness and detects and controls force and pressure. • Menstruation is the regular, orderly shedding of the uterine wall, in response to the interactions of hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries. • Estrogen is a steroid hormone and involved in the female reproductive organs, as well as numerous other biological systems including the neuroendocrine, vascular, skeletal, and immune systems.
Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy, 2019
Background The hip abductors and adductors play an important role in the stability of the hip and knee joints and knee injury risk. Menstrual cycle is associated with hormones fluctuations that may affect functions of muscles and ligaments and increase the knee risk injury. However, their effect on the abductors and adductors performance is still unknown, which may be a step in developing conditioning programs to reduce injury risk. Objectives This study aimed to examine the effect of hormones variation during menstrual cycle on abductor and adductor muscles performance in sedentary college students. Patients and methods Twenty-four college students completed the study protocol. Their age and BMI ranged from 19 to 25 years and 25-29.9 kg/m 2 , respectively. Levels of estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were measured. Biodex system 3-isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure isokinetic parameters of hip abductor and adductor muscles including peak torque, maximum work, total work, average power, work repetition number, work fatigue percentage, angle of peak torque, acceleration time, and deceleration time. Measurements were taken during early follicular (1-3 days) and mid-luteal phases (21-23 days), which were detected using basal body temperature method. Results There were significant increases in estradiol (P=0.0001), progesterone (P=0.002), peak torque of hip abductors (P=0.03) and adductors (P=0.04), maximum work of hip abductors (P=0.01), total work of hip abductors (P=0.01) and adductors (P=0.02), and average power of hip abductors (P=0.0.01) and adductors (P=0.02) during the mid-luteal phase compared with the early follicular phase. Conclusions Abductor and adductor muscles strength changes with the surging levels of estradiol and progesterone during normal menstrual cycle that need to be considered in strengthening exercises for sedentary college students to avoid injury risk.
The effects of menstrual cycle on the knee joint position sense: preliminary study
Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy, 2005
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of menstrual cycle on proprioception by using the active knee joint position sense test (JPST). The 19 healthy women (ages between 20 years and 27 years) who have normal regular menstrual cycle were included in the study. We applied JPSTs at two different directions throughout the three different phases of the menstrual cycle, i.e. menstrual, follicular, and early luteal in dominant knees. When we started from flexion (90°), target angles were 70°, 50°, and 30° and we started from extension (0°), target angles were 20°, 40° and 60°. The absolute reposition errors from the target angles have been evaluated. Results have shown that reposition errors from the target angle at 40°, 50° and 70° of knee angles were higher in the menstrual phase than that of the follicular phase (P<0.05). In addition, higher value of reposition error from the target angle at 40° was found in the menstrual phase compared to luteal phase (P<0.05). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that active JPST was significantly reduced in the menstruation period.
Neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics do not vary across the menstrual cycle
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2007
Research examining the menstrual cycle and its relationship to ACL injury has focused on determining the incidence of ACL injury during the different phases of the menstrual cycle and assessing the changes in neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics between these phases. Conflicting results warrant further investigation to determine if neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics respond in a similar pattern to the fluctuating estradiol and progesterone. The purpose of this study was to determine if changes in the levels of estradiol and progesterone significantly altered fine motor coordination, postural stability, knee strength, and knee
Effects of menstrual periods on postural stability in eumenorrheic female group
Scientific Research and Essays, 2012
High rate of injuries detected during certain periods of menstrual cycle, raised the suggestion of hormonal impact on soft tissue and neuromuscular control with subsequent lost in joint stability, deterioration of postural balance and injury development. The aim of present study was to investigate possible differences in static postural balance during the preovulatory and postovulatory stages of menstrual cycle. Twenty one randomly selected eumenorrheic female university students accepted to participate in this study. Postural stability index (PSI) and sway distances were measured on a computer-based static stability force-platform with eyes open and eyes closed trials. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences of the subjects were also measured. Evaluation of body fat percentage (BF) was made through biceps-triceps-subscapular-suprailiac skin-fold thickness measurements. Analysis of balance scores demonstrated better postovulatory comparing to preovulatory postural stability in terms of PSI (93.29 ± 4.26 versus 91.05 ± 6.21, p = 0.035), antero-posterior (0.99 ± 0.72 versus 0.77 ± 0.51 cm, p = 0.05) and medio-lateral (0.77 ± 0.64 versus 0.50 ± 0.42 cm, p = 0.04) sway distances. There was also statistically significant correlation between anthopometric and balance parameters with better postural balance in thinner participants. Our findings demonstrated that menstrual cycle does indeed influence postural stability, which also is the function of body composition in young females.
Clinical Biomechanics, 2008
Background-Gender differences in passive frontal plane knee stiffness may contribute to the increased anterior cruciate ligament injury rate in females. Gender-based stiffness differences have been attributed to anthropometric variations, but little data exist describing this relationship. Furthermore, sex hormone levels appear to influence joint stiffness, but the differential effects of instantaneous and prior hormonal concentrations remain unknown. This study sought to explore the effect of gender, prior hormonal status, and anthropometry on passive frontal plane knee joint stiffness. Methods-Twelve males and 31 females participated. Females were grouped by hormonal contraceptive use (non users [n=11], monophasic contraceptive users [n=11], and triphasic contraceptive users [n=9]) and tested at the same point in the menstrual cycle. Subjects' right knee was passively stretched ±7° in the frontal plane at 3°/s. Stiffness was estimated at three loading levels and normalized by body size to minimize anthropometric biases. A 4 (group) × 3 (load) repeated measures analysis of variance was performed for both raw and normalized stiffness. Linear regression analyses were preformed between stiffness estimates and knee diameter and quadriceps femoris angle. Findings-Males displayed significantly greater (P<0.05) frontal plane stiffness than females. When normalized, males displayed significantly greater stiffness in valgus (P<0.05), but not varus (P>0.05) than females. No significant effect (P>0.05) of prior hormonal state was found; however, when normalized, varus stiffness was significantly less for triphasic contraceptive users than the other female groups (P<0.05). Quadriceps femoris angle was negatively correlated and knee diameter was positively correlated to knee stiffness. Interpretation-Consistent with earlier in vitro findings, our data may indicate that ligament material properties are gender specific. A deficit in passive knee joint stiffness may place a larger burden on the neuromuscular system to resist frontal plane loading in females.
Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2018
Balance may be influenced by several factors. The menstrual cycle can be considered as an important factor which may affect postural control. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of early follicular and ovulation phases on static and dynamic balance indices. Thirty non-athlete healthy women with a regular menstrual cycle aged between 18 and 25 years participated in the study. Static balance was evaluated through single-leg stance test and dynamic balance was investigated with posteromedial direction of Y- balance test during early follicular and ovulation (24-48 hours after the peak of estrogen) phases of menstrual cycle. The balance tests were performed in a randomized order in each session. A paired t-test analysis was performed to compare the data during the early follicular and ovulation phases. The results indicated that both static and dynamic balance scores were higher in ovulation phase in comparison to early follicular phase (p < .001). It is worth noting to...
year: 2004, 2004
Several studies have demonstrated a higher incidence of sports related knee injuries among female athletes compared to their male counterparts regardless of exposure time and activity level. Different intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been proposed as risk factors in women. The hormonal variation during the menstrual cycle has been suggested as one of the intrinsic factors and an association between sport injuries in female athletes and the menstrual cycle has been reported. An increased injury rate has been observed during the premenstrual and menstrual phase, whereas one author reported a higher incidence during the ovulatory phase. It has been suggested that impaired neuromuscular function due to the specific hormonal influence of the menstrual cycle contributes to the association between sport injuries and different phases of the menstrual cycle. Furthermore, women with premenstrual symptoms (PMS) have been shown to be at greater risk of injury compared to women without PMS. The overall aim of this work was to explore if and how neuromuscular performance and balance vary across three well defined and hormonally confirmed phases of the menstrual cycle in moderately active women and to study if PMS can affect performance. Muscle strength and endurance, knee joint kinesthesia, neuromuscular coordination and postural control were measured in the early follicular phase (FP), the ovulatory phase (OP) and the mid luteal phase (LP) of the menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle phases were determined by analysis of sex hormone levels in serum and ovulation was detected by the luteinising hormone surge in urine. A prospective rating of PMS was used to divide the subjects into two groups, one with PMS and one without. No significant variations in muscle strength or muscle endurance during the menstrual cycle were detected. An impaired knee joint kinesthesia was detected in the LP and women with PMS showed an overall greater threshold for detection of passive movements than women without PMS. Neuromuscular coordination was significantly improved in the OP compared to the other phases. A significantly altered postural control was detected in the LP in the PMS group, but no differences were shown between phases in the non-PMS group. There was no significant difference in hormone levels between the PMS group and the non-PMS group and there were no correlations between hormone levels and the variables tested. The results of this thesis demonstrate a significant variation in knee joint kinesthesia, neuromuscular coordination and postural control during the menstrual cycle, while no differences in muscle strength or endurance were observed. Impaired neuromuscular performance and balance may contribute to the increased incidence of sports injuries in female athletes. Further studies are needed to clarify the precise mechanisms for menstrual cycle related variation in neuromuscular performance and postural control.