The Lost Proportions of Qajarid Vistas (original) (raw)

Typology of Iranian Gardens during Zand Dynasty (1750-1794) in Shiraz, Iran

2012

""Iranian garden is the original output of Iranian life and mental interaction in their natural environment. Zand dynasty, commenced in Iran after overthrowing of Safavid and Afsharieh, is a short period from 1750 to 1794. Yet, not so much studies have been done in Zand architecture and urban planning. In this article, the gardens of Zand dynasty in Shiraz will be functionally, geometrically and structurally analyzed, and in this way the typology of gardens during this period is presented. General speaking, Zandiyeh gardens can be divided into two classes of "state gardens" (e.g., Jahan-Nama, Nazar, Divankhane Gardens) and "graveyard gardens" (e.g., Chehel-Tanan and Haft-Tanan Gardens). Not that Zandiyeh gardens are of ample variety and complexity from viewpoint of form or shape. Pergolas are oblongs of extended length to the northern side of the land or possibly as octagons. The building materials are mostly plain bricks with tiling ornamentations in a minimal. As compared with the Safavid dynasty gardens, the Zandiyeh's are generally of smaller size not to mention their being of more humanitarian scales collated with the Safavid's. The aim in building those gardens had not been amusement of the ruling clause but, rather, focusing on national-urban-state needs.""

The Garden That Became A Street The Evolution of the Old Shah Garden of Sari

Manzar the scientific journal of landscape, 2016

| Being able to benefit from natural resources, Māzandarān has been historically known as an appropriate place for making gardens in the past centuries. This region became a significant place for hunting for spending the winter time during the period of Shah Abbas Safavi, when numerous gardens were built in these areas. Therefore, multiple gardens were built in Sari, the political center of that period, which are currently abandoned for not being acknowledged and consequently due to ignorance, erosion, urbanization and integration of gardens and cities and their functional changes. Few traces of Māzandarān gardens are found today and no extensive researches on these gardens are studied. Deep understanding of demolished Māzandarān gardens and recognition of their prevailing pattern can intensively help us understand the manmade landscape and lead into a major step forward in recognition of Iranian garden. This study aims at recognition and finding of the structural pattern of Shah (king) garden in Sari based on historical documents and field investigations. In this regard, historical documents, texts and statements of travelers about the garden were put into scrutiny and the garden structures was discussed in the next step based on historical photographs. Having analyzed and drawn the probable outlining plan of the garden on the basis of historical documents and principles of Iranian gardens, it can be indicated that the Shah garden had a regular geometric structure with two main interfacial building across the main axe of the garden. Following the made interventions during the first Pahlavi period, the current Khayyam Street was created in line with the main axe of the garden and turned into a major urban street. This was completed by different constructions along the double sides of the garden axis by people and finally formation of residential neighborhoods of old Shah garden in this part of the city.

Fath-Abad Garden Persian Garden’s Renovation and the Original Indicators of the Persian Garden

2020

Fath-Abad Garden in Kerman, in the central desert of Iran, is one of the considerable examples of Persian garden in the Qajar period. The garden strictly responds to the original factors of the Persian garden, while represents some contradictions with classic structure of the Persian garden. After decades of neglect, this garden was renovated in 2015 and opened to the public. Today, when we visit this garden it is difficult to redefine it as a Persian Garden. By referring to the previous on the structural indicators of the Persian gardens, this paper compares Fath-Abad garden, before and after renovation, with original characters of Persian Garden as a unique identity. To achieve this goal, aerial photos as and general photos of the garden before and after renovation were the basic resources of this research. Considering the garden’s structure before and after renovation, this paper argues that the neglect of two main structural indicators of the Persian gardens, which has disturbed the perception of this garden as a Persian garden. The results show that the ignorance of two important indicators of Persian garden including being enclosed with walls, the position of the main entrance and its relation with main axis and pavilion, have disturbed the perception of this garden as the Persian garden and as a complex of three detached garden.

Landscape Research An Examination of Tabriz Gardens in Iranian Garden Art

this study was conducted to determine the place of historic gardens in the city of Tabriz vis-a-vis Iranian garden arts. It provides information on the historic gardens of Tabriz, which are no longer in existence, for example, ‘Saheb Abad’ Garden, ‘North’ Garden, ‘Sefa’ Garden, ‘Amir Kabir’ Garden, ‘Saheb Divan’Garden and ‘Fath Abad’ Garden, as well as four historical maps belonging to the Qajar era in the city of Tabriz. In this research, the factors influencing the design of El-Goli Garden were studied, which can be grouped into three major categories: physical, biological and cultural. After a brief study of the above factors in the city of Tabriz and its different microclimates, the types of similarities that exist relating to Iranian garden art were determined.

Identifying Types of Open Space in Historicalal Gardens of Birjand

The garden is essentially an extensive open space that can include various types of closed spaces within. However, in some cases, there are various types of open space combined in the garden according to defined arrangements. This poses a new form and a variation in the structure of the classical Persian Garden, which is the subject of the present investigation. The general scheme of a Persian Garden is a wide and open space, and in the case of gardens of Birjand, garden space that is integrated with other types of smaller scale open spaces to create new combinations. These gardens are similar in structure, composed in an orderly yet simple layout and integrated with smaller open spaces. These auxiliary spaces range in scale from a small yard to an extensive area like a garden itself. They can even be the size of a bay of a mahtabi in front of the main building which overlooks the whole garden or can be the size of a stone-paved roof that looks out on its surrounding plains. These open spaces attach to the garden space in a number of ways, each with a distinct function. They include the andaruni courtyard, open courtyard, loading area, entrance yard, mahtabi, roof, soffeh, sharemi, meydan-cheh, jelo-khan, and orchard. The main function of these spaces relates to the residential aspect of a garden, i.e., they either form a private andarun area, or grow larger to house different activities pertaining to residential life in a garden, and important enough to be landscaped. Moreover, other types of these spaces provide special views to the garden, contributing to the recreational aspect of a garden. In addition, there are other spaces that create hierarchy and provide the possibility of extension of the garden space, or define a zone around which buildings can be arranged, all of which relate to the geometric structure of a garden. These spaces denote a special way of life which is investigated and categorized in this paper. Examination of gardens of Birjand is the clue to further research on Persian Gardens, and essential to determining whether other not-yet-studied gardens of Iran pose the same spatial combinations.

Iranian Shârbâgh The Position of Persian Garden In Urban Landscape 1

Manzar the scientific journal of landscape, 2015

| The arrangement rhythm of urban grains in traditional cities of Iran are formed in accordance with the water supply system of the cities and villages. In this regard, Persian gardens play a key role in formation of city structure and urban landscape of traditional cities as well as incorporation of architectural grains , green infrastructure and green natural organs of the city. The triple factors of water, vegetation and architectural grains can be identified as the main factors in formation of Iranian traditional city structure. The current research studies Persian Shârbâgh or Persian city garden in order to discover the relation between these triple factors in formation of sustainable landscape in traditional cities and the role of Persian garden as a key factor in formation of Persian city gardens. The interaction of these triple factors results into formation of city structure and creation of a green belt in peripheral parts of the city. This is enabled by the presence of gardens and fields as well as the existence of architectural grains that can be considered as green grains since they are all considered courtyard houses and garden houses. Not only does this arrangement provide a desirable micro climate in an undesired context, but also it creates a sustainable landscape within a sustainable composition and allows an interaction which enables a full productivity of nature by human and offers a perpetual life of the traditional cities. Here, an exploratory method based on field observations and aerial and satellite photographs is used. The results indicate that the urban landscapes of past Iranian cities were formed in a combination of water, vegetarian and architectural grains which provided an apt microclimate in houses and cities and resulted in a unique, appropriate, functional and aesthetic rhythm in cities.

The Role of Historical Persian Gardens in Contemporary Urban context of Iran.

Persian garden is the practical burst of life in Iranian land and in extended concept it is the art of living and result of the effort of humankind for creating a suitable environment with the natural elements in the scope of that nature. Chahar Bagh, the most stable innovation of Achaemenian turned to the most fundamental element of Persian Gardens and followed successively in different era and affect extensively on various parts of Persian gardens and life. In 11 th century garden established a complex relation with the city and became one part of public places until 16th century that the usage of this scheme has diminished in Iran and imitation of European gardens chiefly French one were established; but, were not considered by Iranian urban inhabitants compared to historical Persian gardens; while, some existing historical Persian gardens are still considered and being actively used. This study examines two of these historical Persian gardens through publics' preferences based on their perceptions of the visual and scenery effects in relation to the characteristics of these gardens to find predominant physical and social aspects of these gardens. In this study, historical Persian Gardens were chosen due to their historical background as first sample of Iranian urban green spaces and public as the large consumer of urban spaces considered to provide positive affects towards a better understanding of these places.

The productive landscape in Persian Gardens; Foundations and features

The purpose of this study is to explore the dimensions and attributes of productive and agricultural landscape in the Persian gardens. The methodology of conducting this study is descriptive-analytical. The data is gathered through library research and interviews, as well as field studies in the six Persian Gardens (Akbariyeh, Rahim Abad, Amir Abad, Bahlgerd, Pahlavanpur, and Shahzadeh). The results, which show the need to provide recreational services for owners, guests and in some cases people, has led to the significant presence of fruitful greenery, even in the governmental gardens. There are various fruit trees in the gardens of Shahzadeh, Amirabad and Pahlavanpur which demonstrate the importance of targeted food products for human consumption as well as animals in the system of designing the traditional green spaces. Promotion the quality of the beauty of inner green scenery of the gardens is other characteristics of agricultural landscape, specifically in Birjand's gardens which the visual landscape system has been created by composition of fruitful and ornamental species. Additionally, attitudes into increasing the efficiency, profitability and self-sufficiency of landscape have been ordered the planting of multipurpose plant species in the Iranian garden design. There are varieties of vegetables and herbs in the garden of Shahzadeh, and fragrant flowers, saffron, plum, pomegranate and fig trees representing in Birjand's garden proving the medicinal properties of productive scenery in addition to their appropriateness to the climate and scarce resources. Throughout history the structural importance of the edible landscape in Persian garden is due to the knowledgeable use of green spaces and landscaping. The combination of ornamental horticulture and fruit farming results in a multi-functional garden. Therefore, the agricultural landscape can be introduced as an indicator to assess the quality of garden management, an efficient tool for assessing the status of agricultural knowledge, gardens health assessment, as well as evaluating the lifestyle and the natural-cultural continuity of a garden to its context which should be considered more by the researchers.

Traditional Gardens in Iran; a potential subject for study

IFLA APR CLC International Symposium: Identity of Traditional Asian Landscapes, 2010

It is possible to categorize traditional landscapes of Iran into; Natural landscapes (with human interactions, e.g. Cemeteries, Qanats, canals, dams …), Cultivated landscapes (e.g. fruit gardens and crop fields), Royal gardens (mainly belong to royal families), Private gardens (mainly belong to Governors or Khans), Public open spaces and Courtyards. This paper will firstly try to introduce and present some samples of traditional courtyards and gardens, which still existed in Iran (specially focus on private sector gardens and courtyards. The paper would like to show the importance of studying these gardens as some important sources of knowledge in this field. Studying these gardens may fulfill some gaps for better understanding of garden design in this region. The second part of the paper will give us a list of gardens and availability of information and studies about them. The data clearly shows the potential that exist on studying these gardens.