Potential of field turbidity measurements for computation of total suspended solid in Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu, Malaysia (original) (raw)
Related papers
The use of Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids Correlation for the Surface Water Quality Monitoring
International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 2011
The deterioration of surface water quality is a huge environmental concern in our new country. Recently we are witnessing the changes in land use throughout the country. Catchments modified from mainly agricultural to urban landuse. The River Sitnica Catchment is experiencing those uncontrolled changes even more rapidly. The agricultural land in this catchment is being progressively covered by new structures, mainly houses and roads, resulting in an increase of the imperviousness of that area and consequently the increased surface runoff. In addition, considerable industrial development and surface mining activities are taking place in this area, too. These changes are associated with high population growth rates and migration from other less urbanized areas. All the mentioned factors are imposing enormous stress on the catchment's rivers. In particular, urban river reaches are experiencing increase of almost all constituents, mostly oxygen demand, conductivity, total suspended solids and phosphorus. Concentrations of nutrients are also higher in those urban river reaches, too. Knowing that sediments are actually the most widespread cause of surface water impairment, than the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is an important water quality monitoring parameter. The increase of urban, industrial and agricultural discharges into surface waters in this catchment is expected to cause an increase of this constituent, too. The Total Suspended Solids analysis provides an initial and very basic measure for characterization and study of surface water quality. Measuring the TSS in streams is necessary both for monitoring stream quality and for planning management actions for protection. But, since the TSS measurement is relatively expensive and time consuming procedure, especially for our new country, it is the aim of this work to represent a possibility to measure TSS through turbidity, as an easy to measure parameter. In order to know the relationship between turbidity and TSS, the frequent sampling and their laboratory analyses are required. To avoid this, due to time, financial and personnel limitations the new approach is used in this work. The laboratory prepared subsamples will provide the necessary data for the development of turbidity to TSS relationship.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology
Terengganu River Basin is situated in the north eastern coastal region of Peninsular Malaysia. 29 sampling stations were selected. The water quality parameters were measured such as Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC). Results showed that the range of DO (2.11 mg/L – 8.07 mg/L), TSS (0.4 mg/L – 128.2 mg/L) and SSC (0.07 mg/L – 25.6 mg/L). The distribution of land use and land cover activities effected to the level of water quality in watersheds. The analyses of variance (ANOVA) was applied and provide a better understanding for the complex relationships among water quality parameters. Graphical data helps a better view of the overall analysis to appoint sources of pollutants to their effect. Terengganu River Basin is a shallow and has a sensitive ecosystem that responds to the land use changes and development activities of its surroundings. Water quality analysis showed that TSS and SSC were higher in the dry season but DO w...
Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2007
The estimation of suspended sediment transport in river is generally based on relationships between suspended sediment and discharge, but these correlations are often poor and are frequently difficult to measure especially during storm events. Extrapolation using discharge in regular sampling involved large errors. An alternative approach is event sampling using automatics sampler but it is expensive and large numbers of samples needed for analysis. In response to this problem, the relationship between suspended sediment and turbidity approach offers a relatively rapid and inexpensive method. A study were conducted from October 2001 to October 2002 involving a fortnightly water sampling and discharge measurement, and two intensive sampling programs (1-4 October 2001 and 11-12 October 2001) at two small catchments areas in northern Perlis. Results from this study show that strong relationships existed between suspended sediment concentrations and turbidity, and vise versa. A good positive relationship suggests that turbidity is possibly the best surrogate for suspended sediment concentrations in estimating the river suspended sediment transport.
Assessment of water quality status using univariate analysis at Klang and Juru River, Malaysia
Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 2018
Klang River and Juru River which today suffers from water quality problems resulting from anthropogenic and geomorphology quality status from 2009 until 2013. 10 monitoring stations covering along Klang River and Juru River were selected. Six water quality parameters analyzed based on in analysis were carried out according to the univariate analysis to obtain WQI level. The result indicated the impact of various anthropogenic and geomorphology activities contributed higher values of BOD, COD, SS Juru River still on stable condition. upstream area triggered by pollutants from waste products of development activities inclusion of a high amount of pollutants of Klang River and Juru River.
IAHS-AISH publication, 2005
The concentration of suspended solids in rivers is traditionally determined by means of slow and relatively expensive methods. There is therefore a need for alternative approaches. The development and validation of models which relate the concentration of suspended solids (SSC) to the water turbidity (Turbidity), represents one potential approach. This paper presents the results of a study of the errors involved in the use of SSC/Turbidity models to estimate SSC. Three types of model were developed: in the first, SSC = f(Turbidity); in the second SSC = f(Turbidity, Colour, D 50 ); and in the third SSC = f(Turbidity, Colour, D 50 , Cu), where Colour is the apparent water colour, and D 50 and Cu are the mean diameter and the coefficient of uniformity of the suspended sediment, respectively. For the model SSC = f(Turbidity), the maximum error was 28%, whereas for the model SSC = f(Turbidity, Colour, D 50 ), the maximum error was 23.3%. The simple model SSC = f(Turbidity) was found to h...
Assessing of water quality and sedimentation problems in Lata Sungai Limau, Malaysia
DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT
Sedimentation problem and water quality deterioration are the occurrences happened along the river basin especially at main river basin in Malaysia. The main objective of this study to review the sedimentation problems and water quality deterioration level in the Lata Sungai Limau, Terengganu, Malaysia. 11 sampling stations were chosen from upstream until downstream. There are four mains contributed in this study such as water quality parameters, distribution of sediment grain size, concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) and river discharge (Q) respectively. From leave-one-out method showed chemical oxygen demand and TSS are the most importance water quality variables with river discharge (Q). The formation of sediment load per day falls between 53.540 kg/d (Station 2) and 1,164.394 kg/d (Station 5) for all sampling stations contributed. The result showed the sizes of sediment recorded phi-0.011 and phi 0.768 with very rough particle sizes which are between phi 1.00 and phi 0.00. All parties involved need to take responsibility and be more aware to environmental deterioration and awareness. This research conducted to enlighten the public about the importance of the environment, especially river basins.
Water Quality Limitation for Turbidity Based Sediment Measurement in Rivers
2017
The concentration and size of sediment particles are mainly affected flow and climate conditions, soil properties, topography, and plant cover properties. The direct water sampling method has many difficulties to represent continuous monitoring of sediment transport, especially during extreme flow conditions Turbidity based estimating of suspended sediment is widely used for river studies due to its simply and cheap using. The strong relationship between turbidity and suspended sediment concentrations has led to the use of turbidimetry to estimate sediment concentration. The use of turbidity values for SSC is an indirect method and based on to determine the statistical relationship between these values; the relationship could be linear, non-linear or polynomial. But this relation is affected by water pollution, colloids and plankton units, air bubbles and other suspended materials in the water sample rather than mineral suspended particles. In this study, Seapoint Turbidity Meter se...
Comparison of Different Methods of Measuring Turbidity for Estimation of Total Suspended Sediments
2012
Turbidity in streams has long been thought of as an important indicator of stream health. The standard methods for measuring turbidity in streams today are nephelometric methods (NTU). However there are a variety of relationships and correlations between nephelometric units and total suspended sediments (Tss). Colorimetric methods (FAU) of measuring turbidity may reduce the number of instruments needed while stream sampling and may also have a more reliable relationship with total suspended sediments than nephelometric units in Southern Piedmont streams. We sampled stream base flow (n = 224) and storm flow (n = 145} and runoff ( n = 141) from grazing lands within two Southern Piedmont watersheds and determined relationships of Tss with NTU and FAU. Using linear regression to predict Tss from either NTU or FAU, we found r2 of 0.89 and 0.80 for base flow, 0.94 and 0.92 for storm flow and 0.93 and 0.94 for runoff, respectively. However, when turbidity units were < 25 NTU or 25 FAU, ...
DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT
Rivers, which provide 90% of the readily available freshwater, are key components of global water resource system. Terengganu River experienced deterioration in water quality, resulting from the sedimentation, anthropogenic, geomorphology problems and unsustainable development management around the river basin. This study was implemented to prove the sedimentation problem especially the formation of total suspended solid (TSS) and annual sediment load (SL). The technique of analysis of primary data obtained which determine according with the procedure TSS and SL. The results showed that the highest average of TSS (mg/L) is 67.2 (wet season) and 128.2 (dry season) which are class III. While the highest turbidity is 43.57 (wet season) and 21.57 (dry season) which are Class II based on National Water Quality Standard (NWQS). The highest annual average estimation for annual SL flow out from the Terengganu River Basin is 6,846.709 tonnes/km 2 /year (Manir River Basin) the lowest in the Pauh River Basin is 2.850 tonnes/km 2 /year. The statistical analysis proved the weak regression relationship between TSS, river discharges (Q), SL and area of catchment caused by the anthropogenic factors and uncertain climate changes. Furthermore, the water in the Terengganu River was classified under class III caused by the active land use activities especially industrial and development but it is still suitable for recreational activities and safe for body contact because its water quality index is not less than 65% which early stage of Class II. The contributors of sedimentation problems are from unsustainable land use such as sand mining activities which effectively trap the bed sediments, backflow that carries out high sediments, as well as sedimentation produced due to the river bank erosion. This study suggests the sedimentation management methods including land use settlement, cliff erosion problems, settlement and negotiable of uncontrolled development operations in Terengganu River and the integration of river management methods based on integrated river basin management in Terengganu River Basin is recommended.
Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2013
Suspended sediment related studies based on direct measurements for Turkish rivers and streams are very few for various reasons such as cost, time, or fewer operational sediment gauging stations, and thus the researchers tend to look for indirect methods. Turkey is a developing country and in need of many investments, which resulted in engineering and management modifications in its river and stream systems. This paper investigates the spatial and temporal variations of suspended sediment concentration (SSC, mg/L) versus turbidity (NTU) in the stream Harşit watershed having a length of the main branch at 143 km and catchment area of 3,280 km 2 , Eastern Black Sea Basin of Turkey. Subsequently, the effect of the all kinds of anthropogenic activities was evaluated, namely, dam operation, levee construction, municipal wastewater discharge, sand-gravel mining on SSC, and turbidity in the watershed. In situ turbidity monitoring and water sampling studies were semimonthly conducted at ten stations from March 2009 to February 2010. On a semimonthly basis, it was revealed that SSC and turbidity values having significant correlation varied spatially and temporarily. The municipal wastewater discharge from the city of Gümüşhane together with the decreasing flow rate revealed itself with a significant increase in the turbidity and SSC, especially in the summer months. Torul Dam having a reservoir volume of 168 hm 3 could trap 78.6 % of the SSC and could remove 66.6 % of the turbidity, thanks to its long hydraulic residence time; however, Kürtün Dam released the suspended sediment as a result of its sluiceway tunnel operation. Sand-gravel mining activities between the last two stations severely affected the water quality by increasing the SSC and turbidity.