Target Nanoparticles for Therapy - SANS and DLS of Drug Carrier Liposomes and Polymer Nanoparticles (original) (raw)

Multifunctional Polymeric Nanosystems for Tumor-Targeted Delivery

Fundamental Biomedical Technologies, 2008

The use of various pharmaceutical carriers to enhance the in vivo efficiency of many drugs and drug administration protocols has been well established during the last decade in both pharmaceutical research and clinical setting. Surface modification of pharmaceutical nanocarriers, such as liposome, micelles, nanocapsules, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid particles, and niosomes, is normally used to control their biological properties in a desirable fashion and to simultaneously make them perform various therapeutically or diagnostically important functions. The most important results of such modification include an increased stability and half-life of drug carriers in the circulation, required biodistribution, passive or active targeting into the required pathological zone, responsiveness to local physiological stimuli, and ability to serve as contrast agents for various imaging modalities (gamma-scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultra-sonography). Frequent surface modifiers (used separately or simultaneously) include soluble synthetic polymers (to achieve carrier longevity); specific ligands, such as antibodies, peptides, folate, transferrin, and sugar moieties (to achieve targeting effect); pH-or temperature-sensitive lipids or polymers (to impart stimuli sensitivity); chelating compounds, such as EDTA, DTPA, and deferoxamine (to add a heavy metal-based diagnostic/contrast moiety onto a drug carrier). Certainly, new or modified pharmaceutical carriers (nanocarriers) as well as their use for the delivery of various drugs and genes are still described in many publications. However, looking into the future of the whole field of drug delivery, we have to think about the development of the next generation of pharmaceutical nanocarriers, combining variety of properties and allowing for the simultaneous performance of multiple functions. The current level of engineering pharmaceutical carriers in some cases allows for drug delivery systems, demonstrating a combination of several desired properties. Long-circulating immunoliposomes represent a good example of this approach as they combine the ability to remain in the circulation for a long time with the ability to specifically accumulate in target areas. One may add pH-sensitive long-circulating liposomes and micelles, or nanocarriers simultaneously loaded with a drug and an imaging agent, to the list. Such nanocarriers belong to the new, "smart" generation of drug delivery systems. In principle, we can v Boston, MA Vladimir Torchilin vi Preface

Target Nanoparticles: An Appealing Drug Delivery Platform

Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology, 2011

Over recent years advancement in nanoparticles drug delivery is widely expected to change the landscape of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries for the foreseeable future. Nanoparticles are solid colloidal matrix-like particles made of polymers or lipids. Generally administered by the intravenous route like liposome's, they have been developed for the targeted delivery of therapeutic or imaging agents. Nanomaterials have emerged as a promising strategy in delivering therapeutic molecules effectively to diseased sites. Furthermore, most nonmaterial surfaces can be decorated with targeting ligands, enhancing their ability to home to diseased tissues through multivalent interactions with tissue-specific receptors. Thus, targeted therapy provides a means to circumvent the toxicities and lack of treatment response of conventional systemic chemotherapy. Targeted liposome's, micelles, carbon nanotubes and dendrimers incorporated with therapeutic molecules have displayed impressive anticancer effects in animal studies, and these nanomaterials are considered to be close to clinical translation due to their biocompatibility. These carriers are designed in such a way that they are independent in the environments and selective at the pharmacological site. In addition, these nanomaterials have the capability to reverse multidrug resistance a major problem in chemotherapy. Finally, tumor-homing nanosystems that amplify tumor homing can also improve the delivery of compounds to tumors, providing imaging and therapeutic options that were previously unavailable. Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology J o u rna l of N a n o m ed icine & N a n o te chnolo g y

Application of nano-based systems for drug delivery and targeting: a review

Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2020

Over the last decades, magnificent progress in the field of nanopharmaceuticals mostly with sizes smaller than 100 nm has led to the development of novel delivery systems and brightened the hope of finding new approaches to combat threatening diseases including cancer. So far, numerous efforts have been made to develop appropriate delivery systems with favorable features such as acceptable toxicity profile, high cellular uptake, low immunogenicity, and stable physicochemical properties along with distribution of the therapeutic molecule specifically to the site of action, without affecting healthy organs and tissues. Non-viral delivery systems have always been suitable options for delivery purposes. Polymers, liposomes, and inorganic delivery systems are all of the available choices in non-viral delivery systems, with each possessing their own advantages and pitfalls. This current review presents the recent advances about the application of various nonviral nanocarriers in the delivery of diverse therapeutic agents especially in cancer treatment. Targeting ligands as an important part of designing targeted nanocarriers to the site of interest or intra-cellular environment and opportunities and challenges of nano-based systems for drug and gene delivery are also discussed.

Nanoparticles, Promising Carriers in Drug Targeting: A Review

Current Drug Therapy, 2011

Nanotechnology (derived from the Greek word nano meaning dwarf) is generally defined as the science and engineering of constructing and assembling objects on a scale smaller than one hundred nanometers. Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary scientific field undergoing explosive development. Nanoparticles are colloidal systems of submicron (< 1 μM) size that can be constructed from a large variety of materials in a large variety of compositions. Commonly defined nanoparticle vectors include: liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have been considered as effective delivery systems for many reasons including: (i) sufficient physical and biological stability that may facilitate drug entrapment and controlled release; (ii) good tolerability of the components; (iii) simplicity of the formulation processing; and (iv) possibility of scaling up the formulation process. Therefore, nanoparticles have been extensively employed to deliver drugs, genes, vaccines and diagnostics into specific cells/tissues. Site-specific delivery of drug receives a lot of attention because it can reduce drug toxicity and increase therapeutic effects. To solve the problem of site-specific targeting for the colloidal systems, some authors have attempted to increase the tissue specificity of colloidal drug carriers by coupling targeting agents. In recent years the improvement of drug therapy in terms of a more controlled body distribution to reduce side effects was focused. Different new drug carrier systems in the micro-and nanometer size range were generated to overcome these problems. In principle, four different schemes of drug targeting are conceivable: firstly, a direct application of the drug to the pathological site which in most cases is not possible; secondly, passive targeting depending on carrier system accumulation in areas with leaky vasculature showing an enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR-effect); thirdly, employment of physical effects like varying pH values, differences in temperature or magnetic systems, and finally as the most promising strategy the use of specific vector molecules such as antibodies representing the most universal approach. The objective of this review was to emphasize on drug targeting and various approaches of drug targeting through nanoparticles.

Engineering Liposomes and Nanoparticles for Biological Targeting

Abstract Our ability to engineer nanomaterials for biological and medical applications is continuously increasing, and nanomaterial designs are becoming more and more complex. One very good example of this is the drug delivery field where nanoparticle systems can be used to deliver drugs specifically to diseased tissue. In the early days, the design of the nanoparticles was relatively simple, but today we can surface functionalize and manipulate material properties to target diseased tissue and build highly complex drug release mechanisms into our designs. One of the most promising strategies in drug delivery is to use ligands that target overexpressed or selectively expressed receptors on the surface of diseased cells. To utilize this approach, it is necessary to control the chemistry involved in surface functionalization of nanoparticles and construct highly specific functionalities that can be used as attachment points for a diverse range of targeting ligands such as antibodies, peptides, carbohydrates and vitamins. In this review we provide an overview and a critical evaluation of the many strategies that have been developed for surface functionalization of nanoparticles and furthermore provide an overview of how these methods have been used in drug delivery systems. Graphical Abstract

Targeted pharmaceutical nanocarriers for cancer therapy and imaging

The AAPS Journal, 2007

Nanotechnology is expected to have a dramatic impact on medicine. The application of nanotechnology for treatment, diagnosis, monitoring, and control of biological systems is now often referred to as nanomedicine. Among many possible applications of nanotechnology in medicine, the use of various nanomaterials as pharmaceutical delivery systems for drugs, DNA, and imaging agents has gained increasing attention. Many varieties of nanoparticles are available, 1 such as different polymeric and metal nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid particles, micelles, quantum dots, dendrimers, microcapsules, cells, cell ghosts, lipoproteins, and different nanoassemblies.

Full Proceeding Paper TAILORING THE NANOPARTICLES SURFACE FOR EFFICIENT CANCER THERAPEUTICS DELIVERY

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2020

Nanotechnology has tremendous advantages in many areas of scientific as well as clinical research. The development of nanoparticles (NPs) that can efficiently deliver drugs specifically to the cancer cells can help reduce normal cells toxicity and co-morbidities. Cancer can be treated by exploiting the unique physiochemical of the NPs, and modulating their surface modifications using ligands which further could be used as drug cargo vehicles. To enhance biocompatibility and drug delivery towards the target site, various modifications can be included to modify the surface of the NPs, such as carbohydrates, dendrimers, DNA, RNA, siRNA, drugs, and other ligands. These ligand-coated NPs have potential applications in the field of biomedical research, including diagnosis, contrast agents for molecular and clinical imaging (Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)), as cargo vehicles for drugs, increasing the blood circulation half-life, and blood detoxification. Further, the conjugation of anti-cancer drugs to the NPs can be efficiently used to target the cancer disease. This review highlights some of the features and surface modification strategies of the NPs, such as an iron oxide (IO), liposomes (LP)-based NPs, and polymer-based NPs, which show their effectiveness as cargo agents for cancer therapeutics.

Novel role of nanotechnology in medicine

International Journal of Biomedical Research, 2014

Nanotechnology can be defined as the science and engineering involved in the design, synthesis and application of drugs and devices on nanometer scale. Its applications have revolutionalised the field of medicine in many aspects. Nanoparticles of size ranging between 1-100 nm are designed and used as biomedical tools of research, for diagnostics and therapeutics. 1 Nanotechnology works from the molecular level using engineered devices and nanostructures, ultimately to achieve medical benefits. 2. Current status of therapeutics At present, anti-cancer drugs formulations have poor cell specificitty and high toxicity like bone marrow suppression, renal toxicity, hair loss, cardiomyopathy and many other side-effects. Similarly, treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus faces major challenges of route of drug delivery and achievement of adequate glycemic control. Development of a suitable drug delivery device which could provide non-parenteral dosage form of insulin would be a breakthrough in medicine. The tools of nanotechnology permit a control over the different properties of drugs, such as highly specific sitetargetted delivery, controlled release over short or long duration and finally, alteration in solubility and blood pool reten tion time of drugs. 2 Hence, nanotechnology has enabled designing of drugs with greater degree of cell specificity, greater efficacy and with minimized adverse effects. Also, nanotechnology has extensive role in other modalities of cancer treatment, diagnostics, biosensors and many other tools in the field of molecular biology. Many nanotechnology platforms like liposomes, nanobubbles, nanosomes, nonporous, nanoshells, magnetic nanoprobes and nanotubes have been developed. 2.1 Liposomes Liposomes discovered in mid 1960s are the models of nanoscaled drug delivery devices. These are spherical nanoparticles made of lipid bilayer membranes with an aqueous interior. They can be used as safe and effective drug delivery devices, especially for toxic drugs like anti-cancer drugs and amphotericin-B. The water soluble drugs are loaded in aqueous compartment while lipid soluble drugs are packed in lipid bilayer. 3 Liposomes can be targeted to a specific organ or tissue by active or passive methods. Vascularity of a tumour tissue is poorl y organized and significant leak occurs from blood vessel into the tumour tissue. So the liposomal drug gets accumulated into the tumour tissue passiv ely to produce enhanced effects. Active targeting of the liposomal drug can be achieved by using immunoliposomes or ligand directed liposomes. Immunoliposomes are liposomes conjugated with an antibody directed against the tumour antigen. The antibody can be conjugated to the surface of a stealth liposome, the polyoxyethylene coating of a stealth liposome or on the surface of a non stealth liposome. These immunoliposomes when injected into the body, reaches the target tissue and gets accumulated at its site of action. This reduces unwanted effects and also increases the drug delivery to the target tissue, thus increasing its safety and efficacy. The ligand bearing liposomes are prepared by conjugation with specific ligands directed towards target tissues. For example, ovarian cancer cells have over expression of folate receptors. So the liposomal drug can be conjugated with folate so as to direct the anti-cancer drug molecule to the tumour. 4

Nanotechnology in Cancer Drug Delivery and Selective Targeting

ISRN Nanotechnology, 2014

Nanoparticles are rapidly being developed and trialed to overcome several limitations of traditional drug delivery systems and are coming up as a distinct therapeutics for cancer treatment. Conventional chemotherapeutics possess some serious side effects including damage of the immune system and other organs with rapidly proliferating cells due to nonspecific targeting, lack of solubility, and inability to enter the core of the tumors resulting in impaired treatment with reduced dose and with low survival rate. Nanotechnology has provided the opportunity to get direct access of the cancerous cells selectively with increased drug localization and cellular uptake. Nanoparticles can be programmed for recognizing the cancerous cells and giving selective and accurate drug delivery avoiding interaction with the healthy cells. This review focuses on cell recognizing ability of nanoparticles by various strategies having unique identifying properties that distinguish them from previous antic...