The reliability of kinetic and kinematic variables used to analyse normal running gait (original) (raw)
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ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF MEASUREMENT OF KINEMATIC PARAMETERS IN A RUNNING SPEED TEST
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Reliability and minimal detectible change values for gait kinematics and kinetics in healthy adults
Gait & Posture, 2012
Computerized assessment of gait is commonly used in both research and clinical settings to quantify gait mechanics and detect change in performance. Minimal Detectable Change values have only recently been reported, are only available for patient populations, and in many cases exceed 108. Twenty nine healthy individuals underwent two biomechanical gait assessments separated by 5.6 (SD 2.2) days, with two raters for each session. All subjects walked at a self selected pace and three controlled velocities. ICC, SEM and MDC for kinematic and kinetic measures were calculated for interrater-intrasession, intraraterintersession and interrater-intersession. ICC values were in the good to excellent range (r > 0.75) for all kinematic and kinetic variables and all comparisons. MDC values were lower than previously published data for all similar comparisons. The results of the current study suggest that reliability is good to excellent across a range of controlled walking velocities and the introduction of a second rater does not appreciably impact ICC or MDC values. In young healthy adults changes in gait kinematics of greater than approximately 58 can be identified when comparing between sessions.
Sports Medicine, 2021
Background: Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are used for running gait analysis in a variety of sports. These sensors have been attached at various locations to capture stride data. However, it is unclear if different placement sites affect the derived outcome measures. Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of 28 placement on the validity and reliability of IMU-derived measures of running gait. 29 Methods: Online databases SPORTDiscus with Full Text, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE (Ebscohost), EMBASE (Ovid) and Scopus were searched from the earliest record to 6 August 2020. Articles were included if they 1) used an IMU during running 2) reported spatiotemporal variables, peak ground reaction force (GRF) or vertical stiffness and 3) assessed validity or reliability. Meta-analyses were performed for a pooled validity estimate when 1) studies reported means and standard deviation for variables derived from the IMU and criterion 2) used the same IMU placement and 3) determined validity at a comparable running velocity (≤1 m•s-1 difference). Results: Thirty-nine articles were included, where placement varied between the foot, tibia, hip, sacrum, lumbar spine (LS), torso and thoracic spine (TS). Initial contact, toe-off, contact time (CT), flight time (FT), step time, stride time, swing time, step frequency (SF), step length (SL), stride length, peak vertical and resultant ground reaction force (GRF) and vertical stiffness were analysed. Four variables (CT, FT, SF and SL) were meta-analysed, where CT was compared between foot, tibia and LS placements and SF was compared between foot and LS. Foot placement data was meta-analysed for FT and SL. All data are mean difference (MD [95%CI]). No significant difference was observed for any site compared to the criterion for CT (
Journal of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, 2013
A simple and cost effective technique of video gait analysis applicable within rehabilitation clinics and clinical gait laboratories has been developed. The purpose of this study was to determine intra-and inter-rater reliability of kinematic and temporo-spatial gait parameters measured using the commercially available ProTrainer system (Sports Motion Inc®, Cardiff, CA) software, a printed vinyl walk mat and a video camera. Twelve healthy adults, four stroke patients and three raters participated in the study. The experimental setup comprised the walk mat, paper 'bulls-eye' markers, four photoswitches mounted on tripods, a light indicator, video camera, and a computer with the software. Participants performed three gait trials each up and down the walk mat. Three raters evaluated the results using the ProTrainer system (Sports Motion Inc®, Cardiff, CA) software. Values were extracted for kinematic and temporospatial gait measurements. Data were analysed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for intra-rater reliability to calculate ICC values with 95% Confidence Intervals. Cronbach's coefficient alpha was used to quantify the intra-rater reliability. The ICC values for both intra and inter-rater reliability ranged between 0.731 and 1.000. The results suggest this gait measurement technique is simple, reliable, effective and easy to implement as a gait outcome measuring system.
Reliability of Two-Dimensional Video-Based Running Gait Analysis
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 2018
Background: While two-dimensional (2D) video running analysis is commonly performed in the clinical setting, the reliability of quantitative measurements as well as effect of clinical experience has not been studied. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of six different raters using 2D video analysis of sagittal and frontal plane kinematic variables while running on a treadmill.
Reliability and accuracy of spatial–temporal gait parameters measured by the WalkinSense®
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 2016
The WalkinSense® is a relatively new device designed to monitor walking exercise. The purpose here was to assess its reliability and accuracy when analysing spatial–temporal gait parameters. Forty-two young adults performed 3 × 400 m walking at moderate intensity on a 400-m standard track, using both the WalkinSense and a pedometer. The between-trial reliability was excellent for all variables, with intraclass correlation coefficient values ranging from 0.90 to 0.98. The absolute and percentage differences between the WalkinSense and the track length were (mean ± standard deviation) −36.7 ± 45.0 m (95% confidence interval: −44.6, 28.6) and 9.2 ± 11.3% (95% confidence interval: −11.2, 7.2), respectively. The absolute and percentage differences between the WalkinSense and the pedometer for number of strides were 0.7 ± 10.5 strides (95% confidence interval: −1.2, 2.6) and 0.1 ± 4.0% (95% confidence interval: −0.7, 0.8), respectively. The WalkinSense system showed excellent reliability ...
The GAITRite † is a portable gait analysis tool for automated measurement of spatiotemporal gait parameters. Although frequently used for clinical and research purposes, the concurrent validity of GAITRite † has not been validated against a criterion measure. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the concurrent validity and test retest reliability of the GAITRite † carpet walkway system for quantification of spatial and temporal parameters of the footstep pattern. Twenty-five healthy adults aged 21 Á/ 71 years (mean 40.5 years, S.D. 17.2) performed three walk trials at self-selected pace, three at fast pace and three at slow pace. For each trial, data were simultaneously collected from the GAITRite † and a Clinical Stride Analyzer † , which has established reliability and validity. At preferred, slow and fast walking pace there were very high correlations between the two measurement systems for gait speed (ICC (2,1) 0/0.99), stride length (ICC (2,1) 0/0.99) and cadence (ICC (2,1) 0/0.99). Correlations between the electronic carpet and the stride analyser were moderate to high for single limb support (SLS) time (ICC (2,1) 0/0.69 Á/0.91) and weak for the proportion of the gait cycle spent in double limb support (ICC (2,1) 0/0.44 Á/0.57). The reliability of repeated measures for the GAITRite † was good at preferred and fast speed for speed (ICC (3,1) 0/0.93 Á/0.94), cadence (ICC (3,1) 0/0.92 Á/0.94), stride length (ICC (3,1) 0/0.97), single support (ICC (3,1) 0/0.85 Á/0.93) and the proportion of the gait cycle spent in double limb support (ICC (3,1)0/0.89 Á/0.92). The repeatability of the GAITRite † measures were more variable at slow speed (ICC (3,1) 0/0.76 Á/0.91). These results indicate that the GAITRite † system has strong concurrent validity and test retest reliability, in addition to being a portable, simple clinical tool for the objective assessment of gait. # (B. Bilney). Gait and Posture 17 (2003) 68 Á/74 www.elsevier.com/locate/gaitpost 0966-6362/02/$ -see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 9 6 6 -6 3 6 2 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 5 3 -X
Gait & Posture, 2021
Background: Kinematic parameters of the trunk, pelvis and lower limbs are frequently associated with both running injuries and performance, and the target of clinical interventions. Currently there is limited evidence reporting the between-day repeatability of discrete kinematic parameters of the trunk, pelvis and lower limbs during treadmill running. Research question: What is the between-day repeatability, standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change of discrete kinematic parameters of the trunk, pelvis and lower limbs during treadmill running? Methods: 16 healthy participants attended two kinematic data collection sessions two weeks apart. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected while participants ran on a motorised treadmill at 3.2m/s. The interclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change were calculated for discrete kinematic parameters at initial contact, toe off, peak angles and joint excursions during the stance phase of running. Results: Good to excellent repeatability with low standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change values were observed for sagittal and frontal plane kinematics at initial contact (Range: ICC, 0.829-0.941; SEM, 0.6⁰-2.6⁰; MDC, 1.5⁰-7.2) and peak angles during stance (Range: ICC, 0.799-0.946; SEM, 0.6⁰-2.6⁰; MDC, 1.7⁰-7.1⁰). Peak transverse plane kinematics of the hip (ICC, 0.783; SEM, 3.2⁰; MDC, 8.7⁰) and knee (ICC, 0.739; SEM, 3⁰; MDC, 8.4⁰) demonstrated moderate between-day repeatability with large SEM and MDC values. Kinematics at toe off demonstrated the lowest ICC values and largest measurement errors of all parameters (Range: ICC, 0.109-0.900; SEM, 0.8⁰-5.7⁰; MDC, 2.5⁰-15.7⁰). Significance: This is the first study detailing the measurement error and minimal detectable change for discrete kinematic parameters of the trunk and pelvis during treadmill running. The reported values may provide a useful reference point for future studies investigating between-day differences in running kinematics.