Standardisation of Plotting Courses and Selecting Turn Points in Maritime Navigation (original) (raw)
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Impact of E-Navigation on ECDIS Development as a Decision Support System
Naše more, 2015
Density of sea traffic and an increasing number of ships requires the application of new technologies in vessel traffic monitoring in order to find new solutions for existing problems. The solution is identified through application of e-navigation concept by connecting maritime institutions on shore with ships and vessels for better information sharing and integration. The implementation of e-navigation requires adaptation of existing navigation and communication systems to this new concept. The aim of this paper is to present the ECDIS development possibility through requirements of e-navigation, based on end-user needs. Given the large number of devices and systems used in navigation, ECDIS adaptation to e-navigation requirements makes sense only through a thorough understanding of user’s needs. By integrating all available information, organizing them into a database, and presenting them in a specific fashion, a suitable platform for decision-making in everyday ship navigation is...
Traditional navigation in e-Navigation context
This paper is based on research and analysis of 5 incident cases from the period 2013-2016 published by European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) that clearly marks the safety risks due to the improper use of sophisticated electronic navigational tools-AIS, ECDIS, Integrated Bridge Systems, Automatic Radar Plotting Aids on board commercial ships, as well as, discusses issues of potential risks involved with complacency and over reliance on Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) and advises that seafarers should put more efforts to undergo the necessary traditional navigational training. There is a growing tendency for seafarer competence to be measured by administrative and electronic expertise, but this can mask poor performance when basic seamanship is required. Seafarers should continue to be trained in a variety of traditional and proven navigational techniques, hold a paper chart " back up " portfolio, and run table top exercises to maintain their familiarity with paper charts and proper position fixing routines. An over reliance on ECDIS can cause these traditional skills to fade and potentially lead to incidents. The industry should make sufficient navigational training widely available. Human errors are generally caused by technologies, environments, and organizations which are incompatible in some way with optimal human performance. The human has been expected to adapt to the system but this does not work. Instead, what needs to be done is to adapt the system to the human.
Marine Policy, 2017
This paper is concerned with the implementation and realisation of a Worldwide Electronic Navigational Charts Database (WEND), adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and its members in supporting marine navigation. It identifies the issue of gaps and overlaps between adjoining Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) and explores its consequences to the operation of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) and the fulfilment of International Maritime Organization (IMO) chart carriage requirements. As the ENCs production is directly dependent on states' cartographic competences, this paper delves into the coastal states' jurisdiction in accordance with international law of the sea, and in particular the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and ΙΗΟ and IMO instruments. Through a case study on recently produced ENCs in the Mediterranean and more specifically in the Aegean Sea, this paper documents the necessity to respect states' cartographic competences in realising the WEND concept and cautions that, otherwise, new and extended overlaps emerge, which pose a risk to the safety of navigation, and, at the same time, become means through which states may promote their geopolitical aspirations as to jurisdiction over certain marine areas.
Innovative Navigation Role of ECDIS in Decision Support System
2021
Navigational decision making in maritime transport becomes increasingly important nowadays with the increase of technological development, as it causes a direct increase in marine traffic, as well as having various types of ships with different specifications and different dynamic behavior. Thus, a reliable navigational decision support system is important to help officers in the process to achieving the best mode of navigation using a well-defined model structure according to the area of operation, maritime traffic, ships types, specifications and behavior. Despite the benefits obtained from ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) as a tool of navigational decision-making, there are several challenges that are still facing ECDIS as a decision support system for navigation. The research aims to develop a new decision support system for maritime navigation to determine the best modes of ECDIS through an optimum model structure, which is capable of achieving an adequate level of ECDIS performance through a model software. The study followed a quantitative approach through a questionnaire to collect data from officers. Results showed a significant impact of Collision Avoidance, Under Keel Clearance Weather and Navigation Warning on officers' situational awareness in case of ECDIS integrated bridge system, implying the fact that there is an urgent need to devices and programs providing the Collision Avoidance, Under Keel Clearance Weather and Navigation Warning. These devices could be defined as the AIS, ARPA and NAVTEX as well as the programs of Tide and Sailing Direction. This research provides an insight to the importance of the five sensors; AIS (Automatic Identification System), ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid), NAVTEX (navigation telex), Tide and Sailing Direction and shows that these sensors are not optional for the ECDIS system. Instead, they should be considered as the minimum requirements of IMO (International Maritime Organization) to ECDIS navigation system as they boost the situational awareness for the officers using the ECDIS.
Overview of Standards for Electronic Navigational Charts
2014
In the early 1980s, with the rapid development of geospatial technologies the development of Electronic Navigational Charts – ENC began. With a heavy emphasis on data security, because of its navigational purpose, the implementation of ENC was approached very cautiously. One of the key features of every product, which enables easier global use, is its standardization. The paper provides basic information related to the ENC and by studying all editions of publications for ENC, the reports of the Working groups of the International Hydrographic Organization – IHO and articles that followed the implementation process of ENC standards an overview of ENC standards is given, with the focus on two basic standards published in S-57 and S 52 publications. Also described is a new, currently under construction, standard for ENC (S-100) and the prediction of the future development guidelines with the concept of e- Navigation in mind.
MAP PROJECTIONS AND VISUALIZATION OF NAVIGATIONAL PATHS IN ELECTRONIC CHART SYSTEMS
Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Cartography and GIS - 15-20 June, 2010, Nessebar, Bulgaria
The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly to present the current status and the weaknesses of the standards of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on the employment of map projections in Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) and other Electronic Chart Systems (ECS), and secondly to propose specific map projections for use in navigational systems. The paper starts with a brief overview of the IMO performance standards for ECDIS and the corresponding industry practice concerning the use of map projections and the visualization of navigational paths. Seventeen different map projections are evaluated and compared with respect to their fitness for use in the ECDIS/ECS environment. The comparison is supported by specially constructed maps portraying selected loxodromic and orthodromic navigational paths and distortion analysis data. The conducted study shows that improved visual perception is possible through the proper choice among five alternative map projections, depending on the location and the extend of the area portrayed on the chart.
A case study for using operational ECDIS functions
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2022
Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) offers navigators more functions and information than a paper chart. ECDIS manufacturers have applied all navigational operations to ECDISs that can be performed using paper charts. The system is designed to support the navigators in a way that does not look like a paper chart with these functions. However, the frequency of using ECDIS functions may vary due to different age groups, fields of study, competencies, etc. ECDIS functions, suitability and usage frequency are subjected in this study. Ship masters and deck officers (including deck cadets) apply the "ECDIS Functions Usage Frequency Questionnaire" for aiming to understand how they use these functions via a web-based survey. In addition, how often the navigators use the specified ECDIS functions were assessed. A total of 55 different ECDIS functions and their usage frequency were analyzed by using IBM SPSS v.25 by questioning 83 active navigators. Moreover, one of the goals of this study is to understand the awareness of correct usage. According to various age, qualification groups and ship types, the variety of applications of ECDIS's international standards determined by the International Maritime Organization and the frequency of usage and its functions were tested. As a result of this survey study, the frequency of usage was correlated by associating the professional competencies of the navigators. The five most basic and frequently used functions were also determined and interpreted.
EU has promised to reduce emissions by 80 % by 2050. For the shipping industry "slow steaming" for just-in-time arrival promises reductions of emissions. But a rapid increase in the construction of offshore wind farms planned in the North Sea may lead to ships facing a very complex and safety critical traffic environment in the future. Both of these issues bring ship traffic management to attention. In the Baltic Sea, the EU project MONALISA (Motorways & Electronic Navigation by Intelligence at Sea) has been looking at a voyage plan coordination system where a Ship Traffic Coordination Centre (STCC) handles a specific area, e.g. the Baltic Sea. A prototype system was developed and tested in a full mission bridge simulator environment for some simple scenarios. Qualitative data were collected; the main aim was to test mariners' acceptance of such a system. The participants were in general positive to the tested system; younger somewhat more than older. Some concern was expressed over risks of de-skilling and a common concern was the importance of the final control of the vessel resting with the captain on-board.
WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs
The aim of this study was to assess proof of concept and usability of a maritime service website prototype in a full-mission ship bridge simulator through Swedish mariners' experiences and perceptions. This test was part of the European Commission's EfficienSea2 project for e-navigation. The prototype was intended as an aid to existing standard systems and methodologies for planning, executing and monitoring voyages. The study began with 5 days of simulator trials focused on today's standard practices. This served as a baseline to compare to subsequent 4 days of simulator trials testing the prototype. For data collection, observations, video footage, interviews, and eye tracking were used. Data analysis included breaking apart the qualitative data to capture the perceptions of the participants, and a preliminary analysis of eye-tracking data as a complement. The results suggested that the prototype could be more suitable for a route planning stage, that the participants were familiar with similar existing solutions from other manufacturers, and that the contents of the tool would be most beneficial if integrated within the Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS). There is a pressing need for the novel solutions to be user needs-driven, integrated with the existing technologies, and standardized across the domain, and these processes must go hand-in-hand with accounting for all involved stakeholders, procedures, regulations, and training, as this will alter the course of shipping.