An Analysis of the Household Choice and Determinants of Livelihoods Diversification Activities of the Galo Tribal People, India (original) (raw)
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Space and Culture, India, 2021
This study aims to ascertain the level of livelihood diversification and examines the socio-economic contexts of livelihood diversification in rural India. Employing data from India Human Development Survey (IHDS-II), 2011-12, an Inverse Herfindhal-Harschman Diversity Index (IHHDI) was calculated incorporating eleven income sources (livelihood strategies). In addition, the contribution of each strategy in households’ total income has been calculated. Furthermore, binary logistic regression was applied to predict the households’ engagement in each livelihood strategy and the likelihood of high IHHDI. Results indicate that the higher livelihood diversifications were found among the households with large size, high dependency, lower social groups, low educated, landless, marginal and small farming, and economically poor. This study also highlights the significance of diversification strategies in raising households’ income. It is suggested that broadened policy support is required to p...
LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION: CASE STUDY OF SOME BACKWARD REGIONS IN INDIA
"Now- a- days the rural economy is not based solely on agriculture but relies on a diverse array of activities and enterprises. This aspect is taken account of by recent evolution of the concept of livelihood diversification as a survival strategy of rural households in developing countries and stabilize their incomes. It is now well recognised that peoples’ ability to engage in supplementary (and often better rewarding) non-agricultural activities is often governed by their relative access to a diversity of asset base. Access to this diverse form of assets is influenced by a complex web of socio- economic as well as geographical environment in the concerned region. It is notable that access to different types of assets and socio-economic factors, gives rise to differences in skill formation and income generation opportunities. In this backdrop, an analysis has been made pertaining to the issues of livelihood and diversification strategy followed by people in two very backward regions in W.B in India with different geographic and socio -economic features. Greater divergences/uniformities in socio-economic status, outlook, opportunities and push and pull factors explain significant/insignificant difference in various parameters of diversification across the study areas."
IAEME PUBLICATION, 2020
The term ‘Livelihood’ refers to a means of living i.e. the financial means whereby one lives. In other words a person’s livelihood refers to a means of securing the necessities of life. Livelihood Diversification on the other hand recognizes that people survive by doing many different things rather than just one thing or few things. The present study tries to unravel the patterns of livelihood diversification. The study was conducted in selected villages near Indo – Bhutan Border of Udalguri district. It revealed that multiple livelihood options were adopted by the farming community, which included farm diversification along with non-farm employment and migration of the family members.
Journal of Land and Rural Studies, 2020
Livelihood resources are varying from one region to another due to natural and human factors. There are no such studies that consider a broad geographical region and tribal livelihood options and livelihood security. So the present study can fulfil such a literature gap. The present study makes an attempt to analyse livelihood options and livelihood security among the tribals. The study was carried out along the south western plateau and highland region in West Bengal. Secondary data and the primary data have been used. Purposive stratified random sampling technique was used to collect the primary data. Sustainable livelihood framework (SLF) has been used for the selection of factors and indicators. The core outcome of the research is that small landholding size and traditional technology are no longer to meet the rising demands of tribal population. Forest resources are also very rapidly declining due to the huge industrial demands and ever-increasing household needs. Now tribal pe...
The lives of rural households are predominantly based on agriculture and its allied activities. However, there are signs of an agricultural crisis resulting in dependence on alternative sources of income. This paper analyzes the factors that influence the decision of farm households to participate in non-farm activities for alternative income. The official data for two years on the Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households are explored and a pooled probit regression model is run to examine the determinants of income diversification. Our findings reveal that farm income and irrigated land negatively influence diversification. However, diversification of those having lower access to farm holdings, socioeconomic deprivation, and improved access to education, informal credit, and crop insurance point out positive participation in nonfarm enterprises. In addition, the population belonging to hilly and coastal plain regions and the age group 30-64 years are more likely to diversify.
Determinants of Livelihood Diversification of Rural Households in Sylhet
Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics and Sociology, 2020
Livelihood diversification is considered as a constructive way to improve the livelihood of poor people in rural Bangladesh. This study examines the level of livelihood diversification and the determinants of livelihood diversification of rural households in Sylhet division by using both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected from two districts of Sylhet division by adopting simple random sampling procedures. A face to face interview was employed to collect cross section data of total 210 respondents in which semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics, Simpson diversification indexing and Logit model analysis were employed for analyzing the data in accordance with the objectives of the study. The socioeconomic attributes of different respondents indicate that characteristics of sampled respondents differ from each other in respect of their age, gender, literacy rate, family composition, land holdings, credit access etc. However, in rural Bangladesh, a considerable number of households have diversified their livelihoods at different levels through several income generating activities. Though medium and highly diversified households are majority in rural areas; which accounts for 37% and 26% of total households, respectively. Logit model was estimated to analyze the determinants and find that several factors either positively or negatively affect the extent of livelihood diversification. Gender, education level, land holdings and credit access had positive and significant effects on livelihood Original Research Article
Assessing challenges of non-farm livelihood diversification in Boricha District, Sidama Zoe
This study was conducted to assess key livelihood strategies and to examine major socio-economic constraints that hinder households from engage in diversified activities, in two Peasant Associations of Boricha Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. From the two Peasant Associations, 110 households were selected through simple random sampling technique. Both primary and secondary data were collected to come up with dependable conclusion. Primary data were collected by conducting survey and participatory rural appraisal tools. The primary data was gathered through structured household questionnaire and further supplemented by key informant interview and focus group discussions. Quantitative data which was collected from primary sources were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 version and reported through descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, percentage and frequency distribution. In the study area, rural households engaged in portfolio of livelihood activities though farming activity taken as the major share (87%) followed by trade (68%) and other off-farm activities. However, the participation in diversified livelihoods is constrained by low awareness level of farmers to adopt modern technologies, lack of credit, weak extension services, lack of skill, wrong attitude of the local community, and household average income. Based on the findings, strengthening access of start-up capital to initiate small businesses through cooperatives and credit institutions, providing vocational training to increase households' skill to use locally available resources, improving access of rural infrastructure, strengthen the implementation of functional adult literacy program and increasing awareness level of the community through training were suggested as recommendations.
IAEME PUBLICATION, 2020
This Study is carried out in order to analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification of the inhabitants and the different aspects of socio- economic life of the people living in villages along the Indo-Bhutan border of Udalguri district so that it can come up with definite strategies to pull up the economy of this area. This study made use of both the primary and secondary information to realize the objective. To provide contrast three villages within 0-10 km of distance is selected in the first stage. Thereafter a random sample of 66 households was proportionately allocated among three villages on the basis of the total households in each village. The reference year of the survey was 2017-2018. To study the livelihood diversification an Inverse of Herfindahl- Hirschman Index is used and to study the determinants of livelihood diversification linear censored (Tobit) regression model taking index of livelihood diversification i.e. inverse of HH index as dependent variable is used in the study. It is observed in the study that EEA, SCH, DM, RBA and GEN dummy have significant impact on the livelihood diversification of the study area