Tracheostomy in Postoperative Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients—The Earlier, the Better (original) (raw)

The Outcomes of Tracheostomy in Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients

Journal of Cardiac Critical Care TSS, 2021

Objectives To describe the outcomes of postoperative tracheostomy and determine the predictors of survival. Design Prospective, observational study. Setting Cardiac surgical intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. Participants All pediatric patients below 10 years of age who underwent tracheostomy after cardiac surgery from January 2019 to December 2019. Different variables were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. Intervention Tracheostomy. Results Among 1084 pediatric patients who underwent cardiac surgery during the study period, 41 (3.7%) received tracheostomy. Survival rate was 71%.Earlier, sternal closure (SC) (p = 0.04), acute kidney injury (AKI) (p = 0.001), serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.007), duration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (p = 0.005) and days of feed interruption (FI) (p = 0.02), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) before tracheostomy (p = 0.006), and bleeding from tracheostomy site (p = 0.02) were significantly low in the su...

Tracheostomy in Infants after Cardiac Surgery: Indications, Timing and Outcomes

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, 2021

Objective: There is little consensus on the indications and optimal timing of tracheostomy in the pediatric population. Our primary aim was to determine if early tracheostomy improves patient outcomes (between 10th and 15th postoperative day). Methods: A retrospective review of 84 neonates and infants requiring tracheostomy after cardiac surgery between January 1997 and December 2019 was performed. Indications and timings for tracheostomy, and risk factors for mortality were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, Youden’s index, sensitivity and specificity plot were performed to determine the optimal cut-off point of the timing of tracheostomy. Results: Twenty-five (29.76%) neonates and 59 (70.23%) infants with a median weight 7.6 kg (IQR: 3.1-9.25 kg) were studied. Extubation failure and unsuccessful weaning from ventilator occurred in 45 (53.6%) and 39 (46.4%) patients respectively. The timing of tracheostomy of 15 days as the...

Indications and Outcomes of Tracheostomy in Children After Congenital Heart Surgery

Turkish Journal of Pediatric Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine

Kardiyovasküler cerrahi sonrası çocukların çok az bir kısmında uzun süreli mekanik ventilasyon desteği ve trakeostomi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma ile trakeostominin endikasyonlarını, zamanlamasını ve sonuçlarını tanımlamayı hedefliyoruz. Yöntemler: Ocak 2010-Aralık 2019 tarihleri arasında kalp cerrahisi sonrası trakeostomi gerektiren hasta verileri geriye dönük olarak değerlendirildi. Hastaların preoperatif özellikleri, trakeostomi endikasyonları, trakeostomi açılma zamanı ve klinik sonuçları analiz edildi. Bulgular: Kalp cerrahisi uygulanan 2,459 hastanın 12'sine (%0,5) trakeostomi açıldı. Bu hastaların kalp cerrahisi sırasında ortanca yaşı 210 gün (çeyrek değerler genişliği: 75-262 gün) idi. Kalp cerrahisi ile trakeostomi arasındaki ortalama süre 25 gündü (çeyrek değerler genişliği: 15-47 gün). Trakeostomi için en sık endikasyon postoperatif gelişen diyafragma paralizisi (%42) idi. Hastaların %41,6'sında genetik sendrom veya en az bir kardiyak olmayan morbidite mevcuttu. Mekanik ventilatörde kalış süresi değerlendirildiğinde, çocuk yoğun bakım yatışlarının ilk 30 gün içinde trakeostomi açılan hastaların mekanik ventilatörde kalma süresi, 30. gün sonrasında trakeostomi açılan hasta grubuna göre daha kısaydı (sırasıyla 30 gün, 60 gün, p=0,035). Trakeostomiden sonra çocuk yoğun bakım ünitesinde ortalama kalış süresi 41 gündü (aralık, 21-289 gün). Doğuştan kalp cerrahisi sonrası trakeostomi açılan 12 hastanın 6'sı (%50) ortalama 179 gün (aralık, 34-463 gün) sonra dekanüle edildi. İzlem sonrası birinci yılda operatif mortalite %8,3 (1/12) ve genel mortalite %8,3 (1/12) idi. Sonuç: Doğuştan kalp cerrahisi sonrası trakeostomi ihtiyacı olan hastalarda erken trakeostomi işlemi, pozitif basınçlı ventilasyondan ayrılma sürecini kolaylaştırır ve pozitif basınçlı ventilasyon süresini kısaltabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Trakeostomi, doğuştan kalp cerrahisi, uzamış mekanik ventilasyon, çocuk Introduction: In a minority of children after cardiovascular surgery may require prolonged mechanical ventilatory support and tracheostomy. We aim to describe indications, timing and, outcomes of the tracheostomy. Methods: A retrospective review of 12 children requiring tracheostomy after cardiac surgery between January 2010-December 2019 was performed. The patients' characteristics, indications and timing for tracheostomy, and survival were reviewed. Results: After cardiac surgery, 12 (0.5%) of 2.459 patients with a median age at surgery of 210 days (interquartile range: 75-262 days) underwent tracheostomy. The median time between cardiac surgery and tracheostomy was 25 days (interquartile range: 15-47 days). Diaphragmatic paralysis was the most common (42%) indication for tracheostomy. Genetic syndrome or at least one noncardiac morbidity was present in 41.6% of patients. The duration of mechanical ventilation was shorter in patients who had tracheostomy within 30 days compared with >30 days following intubation (30 vs. 60 days, p=0.035). The median length of pediatric intensive care unit stays after the tracheostomy was 41 days (range, 21-289 days). Among all patients with congenital heart surgery undergoing tracheostomy, 6 (50%) of 12 were decannulated after a median time of 179 days (range, 34-463 days). The operative mortality was 8.3% (1/12) and the overall mortality during the first year of followup was 8.3% (1/12). Conclusion: An early tracheostomy procedure may facilitates the weaning process and shorten the duration of positive pressure ventilation.

Tracheostomy after pediatric cardiac surgery: Frequency, indications, and outcomes

The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to review baseline characteristics and outcomes of children requiring tracheostomy after cardiac surgery. Methods: A retrospective review of children under age 2 requiring tracheostomy after cardiac surgery between January 1999 and December 2005 was performed. Indications for tracheostomy, survival, and completion of staged palliation were documented. Results: After cardiac surgery, 59 (1.3%) of 4503 patients with a median age at surgery of 15 days and weight of 3.5 kg required tracheostomy. Median duration from surgery to tracheostomy was 36 days (range 10-145 days). Genetic syndromes or major noncardiac comorbidities were present in 40% of patients. Biventricular repair was performed in 34 patients and univentricular repair in 25. Tetralogy of Fallot variants (29%) and coarctation AE ventricular septal defect (21%) constituted the majority of biventricular lesions associated with tracheostomy, whereas unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect and hypoplastic left heart syndrome with highly restrictive atrial septal defect accounted for 52% of the single ventricle group. Indications for tracheostomy included the following: multifactorial (37%), tracheobronchomalacia, (24%), cardiac (12%), bilateral vocal cord paralysis (10%), bilateral diaphragm paralysis (2%), and other airway issues (15%). Hospital survival was 75% with intermediate-term (median, 25.5 months; range, 1-122 months) survival of 53%. Of 25 single ventricle patients, 6 (24%) had successful completion of the Fontan procedure. Of 12 patients with single ventricle who were ventilator-dependent after initial repair, 10 died, 1 remains at hemi-Fontan, and 1 has undergone completion of the Fontan procedure. Conclusions: Requirement for tracheostomy in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery was associated with significant mortality. Patients with single ventricle have the highest late death rate and those with chronic ventilator dependency were unlikely to undergo successful Fontan completion.

Unplanned tracheostomy following pediatric cardiac surgery

Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 2009

To identify factors contributing to unplanned tracheostomy following cardiac surgery in children under 12 months without prior airway support. METHODS: Case series with chart review. RESULTS: Eleven patients were identified (eight male, three female). Eight were term, three preterm. Four had syndromes associated with cardiac disease. Age at cardiac surgery was 2.2 (0.1-5.2) months. Time between surgery and tracheostomy was 1.2 (0-3) months. Two groups were identified. The first had tracheobronchomalacia as the primary diagnosis (n ϭ 9). Time postsurgery for tracheostomy was 1.2 (0.5-3) months. The second had bilateral vocal fold paralysis (n ϭ 2). Both children had cardiac procedures that have recognized risk to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Both had cannulation of the right internal jugular vein at the time of surgery. Tracheostomy occurred within three days of the cardiac procedure. CONCLUSION: Investigations for tracheobronchomalacia should occur if a child continues to fail ventilator weaning or extubation following cardiac surgery. Risk of right RLN injury due to right vascular instrumentation should be minimized in left RLN prone procedures.

Tracheostomy Following Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease: A 14-year Institutional Experience

World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery, 2016

Tracheostomy following congenital heart disease (CHD) surgery is a rare event and associated with significant mortality. Hospital survival has been reported from 20% to 40%. Late mortality for these patients is not well characterized. We performed a retrospective observational study of patients who had a tracheostomy following CHD surgery (excluding isolated patent ductus arteriosus ligation) between January 2000 and December 2013. Patients were categorized into single-ventricle or biventricular physiology groups. Demographics, genetic syndromes, pulmonary disease, and comorbidities were collected. Outcomes including hospital survival, long-term survival, and weaning from positive pressure ventilation are reported. Bivariate and time-to-event models were used. Over a 14-year period, 61 children (0.9% incidence) had a tracheostomy placed following CHD surgery. There were 12 single-ventricle patients and 49 biventricular patients. Prematurity, genetic syndromes, lung/airway disease, a...

Early versus late tracheostomy in cardiovascular intensive care patients

Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia, 2014

Background: Benefits of tracheostomy have been well established. Most of the literature, refers these benefits to general intensive care population, excluding cardiac surgery or including only small number of these patients. On the other hand, there is no clear definition describing the proper time to perform the procedure and defining what are potential benefits of early compared to late tracheostomy. This retrospective cohort aims to assess the potential benefits of early tracheostomy on post-operative outcomes, length of stay and post-tracheostomy complications within cardiac surgical population. Methods: After obtaining REB approval, we conducted a retrospective chart review in a single, tertiary care institution, identifying patients who underwent tracheostomy after cardiac surgery from 1999 to 2006. Time-to-tracheostomy was defined as "early" if < 7 days or "late" if ≥ 7 days post-cardiac surgery). Results: 14,101 patients underwent cardiac surgery over the 7-year study period; from those, 147 (1.36%) received tracheostomy. 32 (22%) patients underwent early tracheostomy and 115 (78%) late tracheostomy. Incidence of atrial fibrillation (31.2% vs 61.7%; P = 0.003), kidney dysfunction (6.3% vs 27.2%; P = 0.015) and kidney failure 18.8% vs 43.5%; P = 0.013) were lower in the early tracheostomy group. There were no differences on post tracheostomy infection or presence of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Both the ICU and hospital length of stay were significantly shorter in early tracheostomy group, 21.5 (ET) vs 36.9 (LT) days and 37.5 (ET) vs 57.6 (LT) days respectively. There were no differences in mortality between groups. Conclusions: There are significant benefits in reduction of postoperative morbidities with overall shorter ICU and hospital stay. These benefits may promote faster patient rehabilitation with reduced healthcare costs.

Predictors of Pediatric Tracheostomy Outcomes in the United States

Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 2020

Objectives To investigate the outcomes of pediatric tracheostomy as influenced by demographics and comorbidities. Study Design Retrospective national database review. Setting Fifty-two children’s hospitals across the United States. Subjects and Methods Hospitalization records from Pediatric Health Information System database dated 2010 to 2018 with patients younger than 18 years and procedure codes for tracheostomy were extracted. The primary outcome was total length of stay. The secondary outcomes were 30-day readmission, mortality, and posttracheostomy length of stay. Results A total of 14,155 children were included in the analysis. The median total length of stay was 77 days and increased from 59 to 103 days between 2010 and 2018 ( P < .001). The median posttracheostomy length of stay was 34 days and also increased from 27 to 49 days ( P < .001). On multivariate regression analyses, the total and posttracheostomy lengths of stay were significantly increased in children youn...