Chemosystematic Studies in the Chrysobalanaceae. I. Flavonoids in Parinari (original) (raw)
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Phytochemistry
Petal and leaf flavonoids have been identified in twenty-one species from seven genera of the CompositaeAnthemideae. A number of novel pigments have been found, including the 'I-glucoside of querce tagetin J/-methyl ether, which occurs in flowers of Chrysanthemum coro#arium. 7-Glucuronides of apigenin, luteolin and chrysoeriol have been detected in the tribe for the lirst time; these three flavones also occur as a range of 7-diglycosides and chrysceriol as an acylated glycoside. The distribution of these flavonoids supports the views of some systematists that the Chrysanthemum complex should be separated into a number of genera rather than maintained as a single genus. Thus, the species of CIrrysrmthemum (sensu stricto) studied are characterized by the presence of quercetagetin, patuletin and quercetin 7-glucosides, whereas those of Anthemis have only patuletin 7glucoside. By contrast, Leucanthemum species have apigenin 7-glucuronide and Tripleurospermum luteolin Fglucoside. Finally, TmKcetum species are characterized by the presence of luteolin and chrysoeriol 7-glucuronides and quercetin 'I-glucoside.
Flavonoids and the taxonomy of Cercis
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2000
Flavonoids of 11 samples of Cercis, comprising seven species, were isolated and identi"ed. Only 3-O-monoglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin were obtained. Bauhinia (the largest genus in tribe Cercideae) is akin to Cercis because #avones are rarely found in the former. On the other hand, species of Bauhinia often present glycosides of isorhamnetin and a wider diversity of glycosides, and only rarely present myricetin. The frequent occurrence of this #avonol and the simpler #avonoid pro"le of Cercis may re#ect a greater antiquity of Cercis as compared with Bauhinia. With the exception of C. canadensis var. mexicana, Cercis taxa from xerophytic habitats did not yield kaempferol glycosides in detectable amounts, as opposed to taxa from mesophytic habitats. The results obtained are consistent with proposals of merging C. reniformis into synonymy of C. occidentalis, as well as the recognition of two North American species, C. canadensis and C. occidentalis, and the recognition of the Asian C. gigantea.
Chemosystematics of some Indian members of the tribe Phaseoleae (Fabaceae)
Feddes Repertorium, 2008
With one Table S u m m a r y 2 u s am m en f a s s u n g Twentysix members belonging to the tribe Phaseolae (Fabaceae) have been analysed for their leaf flavanoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids and saponins. It is found, that all the subtribes within, possessed district assortment of chemical characters and therefore their elevation t o tribes ist supported. CZitoria and Butea, being chemical dissimilar t o other members of the Glycineae and Erythrineae, find a proper place in Euphaseoleae (Tribe Phaseoleae of HUTCHINSOX) and Galactieae respectively. The varietel status of Teramnus labialis var. mollis Ist upheld and the status of a separate species Es recommended for Rhynchosia minima var. laxiflora BAIL
Flavonoid glycosides of Pteridaceae from Brazil
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1998
Flavonoids from leaves of Cheilanthoideae and Pteridoideae, embracing a total of 31 samples of Cheilanthes, Doryopteris, Pellaea and Pteris were isolated and identified. With one exception (C. goyazensis) species examined did not have farinose leaf exudates. Most compounds were mono and diglycosides derivatives of apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol (flavones), kaempferol and quercetin (flavonols). Members of the Cheilanthoideae presented exclusively flavonol derivatives, while samples of Pteridoideae yielded mostly flavone derivatives. A correlation was observed between flavonoid profiles and venation patterns in Pteris, species with open venation having predominantly flavonols, while species with areolate venation yielding flavones exclusively. Flavonoid patterns do not distinguish between genera of Brazilian Cheilanthoideae, their taxonomic usefulness being restricted to the subfamily level. Flavonols and flavones are mutually exclusive in samples of Pteris, except for Pteris plumula. Intraspecific variation was observed, usually with regard to the glycosylation patterns.
Leaf flavonoid chemistry and the relationships of theLactoridaceae
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1986
Leaves of the monotypic angiosperm family Lactoridaceae exhibit flavonoid constituents consisting of six 3-0-diglycosides of the flavonols kaempferol and isorhamnetin. The presence of flavonols is concordant with the placement of Lactoridaceae among the "archaic" or "primitive" flowering plants. Flavonoid chemistry is less informative on the relationships of the family within the primitive dicots. The presence of isorhamnetin suggests closer affinities with families in the Laurales, particularly the Gomortegaceae and Monimiaceae. Phenetic and cladistic analyses of morphological features place the Lactoridaceae near several families in the Magnoliales.
Leaf flavonoid aglycone patterns in the species of Dipterocarpaceae in Sri Lanka
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2004
A flavonoid aglycone survey was carried out on 46 taxa of the family Dipterocarpaceae belonging to the genera Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea, Stemonoporus, Vateria and Vatica. After acid hydrolysis the main aglycones found were the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol, and the flavone apigenin. The flavone luteolin was present in all the species of the genus Shorea and was absent in the rest of the species of the family, giving a chemotaxonomic significance to its presence. The flavonol myricetin was detected in only three species of Shorea, S. affinis, S. trapezifolia, and S. gardneri. Proanthocyanidins were only found in 13 species of Shorea and two species of Dipterocarpus. These two genera can be regarded as the most primitive with respect to the flavonoid patterns and the other five genera have more advanced patterns, recognizing Stemonoporus as the most advanced. The aglycone results do not completely agree with the existing classifications, and suggests the need for a revision of the species and sectional levels in the family Dipterocarpaceae in Sri Lanka.
A survey of leaf flavonoids in the portulacaceae
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1986
A survey of 26 species in 12 genera of the Portulacaceae showed the presence of flavonoids in 24, and their absence in two, Hectorella caespitosa Hooker fil. and Lyallia kerguelensis Hooker ill. Of the 24 positive species, 16 are reported for the first time. In all 24 however, flavonols and flavones did not occur together suggesting that this dichotomy might be useful for classification at and below the generic level in the Portulacaceae, e.g. the genera Silvaea Philippi (syn. Philippiamara Kuntze), Ceraria Pearson & Stephens and PortulacarJa Jacquin which were previously grouped together on palynological characteristics have now been shown to differ in their leaf flavonoids, subsidiary cells of the stomata and geographical location: Silvaea possesses flavones and is endemic to South America, while Ceraria and Portulacaria possess flavonols and are endemic to Africa. The dichotomy also occurs below the generic level. In Calandrinia H.B.K. and Portulaca L. the dichotomy amongst their species is supported by other new taxonomic characters from cytology, palynology, pubescence of surfaces, type of subsidiary cells surrounding the leaf stomata and seed morphology recently elucidated by the author.
Systematic significance of flavonoids in Derris and Lonchocarpus
Biochemical Systematics …, 1981
It has been suggested that the flavonoid profiles might help to elucidate the problematical differentiation of the Derris and Lonchocarpus group of species. To test this possibility all fiavonoid types known to occur in Tephrosieae were correlated biogenetically and "oxidation"/"methylation" (O/M) values were deduced for their representatives. Considering only the chemical composition, five chemical clusters can be discerned in the Derris-Lonchocarpus complex. The concomitant consideration of O/M values, however, establishes the concept of generic unity, suggesting that dispersal of original stock from Asia to America and from forest to savanna was accompanied by the evolutionary blocking of the necessary oxidative enzymes. Since similar trends can be observed for other genera of Tephrosieae, such as Millettia and Tephrosia, the presence or absence of specific flavonoids cannot be used as evidence either for incorporating Lonchocarpus into Derris or for splitting Lonchocarpus.
Taxonomic novelties in Neotropical Chrysobalanaceae: towards a monophyletic Couepia
Phytotaxa
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies in Chrysobalanaceae as well as new analyses presented in this study cast doubt on the monophyly of the three largest genera in the family, Couepia, Hirtella and Licania. Couepia, a Neotropical genus, had species appearing in four separate clades, the majority of species sequenced, however, form a highly supported clade, referred to here as core Couepia (including the type species). These results lend support to a revised taxonomy of the genus, and to resolve Couepia as monophyletic the following taxonomic changes are here proposed: Couepia recurva should be transferred to Hirtella, C. platycalyx transferred to Licania, C. longipendula and C. dolichopoda transferred to Acioa, and a new genus, Gaulettia, is proposed to accommodate species of the Gaulettia clade and allies.