New Perspectives and Opportunities From the Wild West of Microelectronic Biochips (original) (raw)

Digital approaches in electronic biochips

2013 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, 2013

Electronic biochips are defined by the merge of integrated electronics, containing diverse sensors, with reaction solution and sample hold in reaction chamber(s). Based on their overall structure, electronic biochips can work in either well-confined or in area-confined configurations. Extreme parceling of the sample (digital approach), coupled with electronic biochips, can radically enhance the throughput performance of the assay, especially in an area-defined configuration. This takes advantage of the increased sensitivity that follows device miniaturization, as illustrated in our experiments on Silicon Nano Ribbons.

A new hand-held microsystem architecture for biological analysis

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I-regular Papers, 2006

This paper presents a hand-held microsystem based on new fully integrated magnetoresistive biochips for biomolecular recognition (DNA hybridisation, antibody antigen interaction, etc.). These biochips use magnetic field arraying of magnetically tagged biomolecules and high sensitivity sensors which potentially detect single or few biomolecules. Magnetoresistive chip surfaces are chemically treated, enabling the immobilisation of probe biomolecules such as DNA or antibodies. Fluid handling is also integrated in the biochip.

Microelectronic Chips for Molecular and Cell Biology

Sensors Update, 2003

The development of microfabricated devices manufactured in silicon, glass, or plastic materials is a well-known trend in the research of novel biological techniques and tools over the last two decades, resulting in a multitude of start-up companies serving the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and diagnostics markets. However, the idea of implementing such devices on microelectronic substrates has been introduced only recently. This chapter aims to describe the state-of-the-art of microsystems for molecular and cell biology produced in general purpose CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology, emphasizing the advantages of this approach along with their challenges and limitations. This chapter discusses significant examples of fully tested devices in comparison with existing state-of-the-art techniques.

Chip Based Electroanalytical Systems for Cell Analysis

Electroanalysis, 2008

This review with 239 references has as its aim to give the reader an introduction to the kinds of methods used for developing microchip based electrode systems as well as to cover the existing literature on electroanalytical systems where microchips play a crucial role for nondestructive measurements of processes related to living cells, i.e., systems without lysing the cells. The focus is on chip based amperometric and impedimetric cell analysis systems where measurements utilizing solely carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFME) and other nonchip electrode formats, such as CFME for exocytosis studies and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) studies of living cells have been omitted. Included is also a discussion about some future and emerging nano tools and considerations that might have an impact on the future of "nondestructive" chip based electroanalysis of living cells.

Measuring and Extracting Biological Information on a new Hand-held Biochip-based Microsystem

2006

This paper presents the techniques developed for the extraction of biological information in a recently developed hand-held biochip-based microsystem. The microsystem is based on a magneto-resistive array biochip composed of a number of sensing sites with magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJ) and diodes. To drive the MTJ, difierent techniques are addressed with difierent types of signals. Difierent flltering strategies are also

Device Processing Challenges for Miniaturized Sensing Systems Targeting Biological Fluids

Biomedical Materials & Devices, 2022

This article presents a review of device processing technologies used in the fabrication of biomedical systems, and highlights the requirements of advanced manufacturing technology. We focus on biomedical systems that perform diagnostics of fluidic specimens, with analytes that are in the liquid phase. In the introduction, we define biomedical systems as well as their versatile applications and the essential current trends. The paper gives an overview of the most important biomolecules that typically must be detected or analyzed in several applications. The paper is structured as follows. First, the conventional architecture and construction of a biosensing system is introduced. We provide an overview of the most common biosensing methods that are currently used for the detection of biomolecules and its analysis. We present an overview of reported biochips, and explain the technology of biofunctionalization and detection principles, including their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Next, we introduce microfluidics as a method for delivery of the specimen to the biochip sensing area. A special focus lies on material requirements and on manufacturing technology for fabricating microfluidic systems, both for niche and mass-scale production segments. We formulate requirements and constraints for integrating the biochips and microfluidic systems. The possible impacts of the conventional microassembly techniques and processing methods on the entire biomedical system and its specific parts are also described. On that basis, we explain the need for alternative microassembly technologies to enable the integration of biochips and microfluidic systems into fully functional systems.

Biological cells on microchips: New technologies and applications

Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2007

Integration of various chemical devices and complex operations onto a microchip, which is often referred to as a micro total analysis system (-TAS) or lab-on-a-chip, creates extremely efficient devices that exploit the advantages of a microspace. Furthermore, as the scale of the fluidic microvolume is roughly proportional to living cell sizes and processing capabilities, cells and micro chemical systems can be combined to develop practical prototypical microdevices. This approach has led to development of tools for investigating cellular functions, biochemical reactors and bioassay systems, as well as hybrid bio/artificial tissue engineered organs. Recently, bio-microactuators exploiting mechanical properties of cells powered without external energy sources have also been reported. This review focuses on new technologies involving cell-based devices on microchips, with a special emphasis on bio-microactuators. Firstly, we review systems to place and handle cells on a microchip. Secondly, we review bio-microactuators developed using single or a few driving cells. Finally, we review bio-microactuators developed using numerous cells or tissue to generate stronger forces. Understanding fundamental concepts behind the distinct features and performance characteristics of these cell-based micro-systems will lead to development of new devices that will be exploited in various fields in the future.