Current status of typhoid fever : a review (original) (raw)
Related papers
Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Typhoid Fever: Burden in Bangladesh
Journal of Science Foundation, 2013
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi or by the related but less virulent Salmonella paratyphi. The provision of clean water and good sewage systems led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of typhoid in these regions. Early antibiotic therapy has transformed a previously life-threatening illness of several weeks' duration with an overall mortality rate approaching 20.0% into a short-term febrile illness with negligible mortality. Case fatality rates of 10.0-50.0% have been reported from endemic countries when diagnosis is delayed. Attack rates are highest in persons younger than 20 years or older than 70 years; however, the highest rate is found in infants. Neonates are at a greater risk to fecal-oral transmission secondary to relative decreased stomach acidity and buffering of ingested breast milk and formula. Elderly persons are at a relative greater risk to infection secondary to chronic underlying illness and weakened immunity. In endemic areas, children aged 1-5 years are at the highest risk of infection, morbidity, and mortality because of waning of passively acquired maternal antibody and a lack of acquired immunity. In young children, the clinical syndrome is often a nonspecific febrile illness that is not recognized as typhoid fever. Typhoid is usually contracted by ingestion of food or water contaminated by fecal or urinary carriers excreting S. enterica serotype typhi. It is a sporadic disease in developed countries that occurs mainly in returning traveler, with occasional point-source epidemics. In endemic areas, identified risk factors for disease include eating food prepared outside the home, such as ice cream or flavored iced drinks from street vendors, drinking contaminated water, having a close contact or relative with recent typhoid fever, poor housing with inadequate facilities for personal hygiene, and recent use of antimicrobial drugs. The infectious dose of S. enterica serotype typhi in volunteers varies between 1000 and 1 million organisms. Vi-negative strains of S. enterica serotype typhi are less infectious and less virulent than Vi-positive strains. S. enterica serotype typhi must survive the gastric acid barrier to reach the small intestine, and a low gastric pH is an important defense mechanism.
2019
This cross sectional study, carried out in the Pediatric & Medicine wards of Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong during the period of July 2012 to June 2013, aims to describe clinical profile of typhoid fever in children admitted in a tertiary care hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh. We conducted this study with a total number of 150 suspected cases of typhoid fever (age >6 months to18years) admitted in the above mentioned hospital and enrolled in this study maintaining inclusion criteria. Majority (56.7%) of the patients, age was between 1-5 years and male to female ratio was 1.2:1. More than a half (56.0%) of the patients came from rural area. Most (62.7%) of the patients suffered from fever for ≤5 days, 50.7% had change of bowel habit, 38.7% had abdominal pain, 26.0% had diarrhea and 18.7% had constipation. One third (33.3%) of the patients had tongue coating, 19.3% had palpable liver, 7.3% had palpable spleen and only0.7% had caecal gurgling. The mean Hb was ...
Epidemiological Profile of Typhoid Fever Cases Admitted in A Tertiary Care Hospital at Dhaka City
Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital Journal
Background: Enteric fever is a major public health problem in many developing countries including Bangladesh, where sanitation and public health standards are poor. Objectives: To study the socio-demographic, some of the epidemiological features and knowledge about typhoid vaccine of the hospitalized children with typhoid fever. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute over a one year period from January to December, 2019. All diagnosed cases of Typhod fever admitted in Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute, Dhaka fulfill the inclusion criteria were the study subjects. The informations were collected in a predesigned and pretested questionnaire which included sociodemographic data, family background and knowledge about Typhoid vaccine. Results: A total of 86 children were enrolled in this study who were diagnosed to have typhoid fever during one year period. More than 90% of patients were aged between 1 and 10 years. Ma...
Accepted on 28 March, 2018 1 http://www.alliedacademies.org/journal-bacteriology-infectious-diseases/ Review Article J Bacteriol Infec Dis 2018 Volume 2 Issue 3
Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research
Introduction: Typhoid fever is estimated to have caused 26.9 million cases and 5.74 lakhs deaths worldwide in 2010. It remains a major public health problem in India and other part of developing world. Background: Nonprovision of safe drinking water and sanitation measures, non-implementation of adequate vaccination strategies and emergence of multidrug resistant salmonella strains is responsible for why typhoid fever is till now remaining an important health problem in some parts of world and the disease is even becoming more complex. Objective: This study was conducted in a tertiary care centre to find out the clinico-epidemiological profile of patients admitted with typhoid fever. Design: Cross sectional observational study. Subjects: 460 Widal positive typhoid fever pediatric cases admitted from 1 st June 2016 to 30 th November 2016. Methods: Both clinical and laboratory data of all the patients were retrieved, compiled and analyzed. Results: Out of 460 patients 238(51.74%) were males and 222 (48.26%) were females. Fever (100%), vomiting (49.13%), diarrhea (30.21%), cough (30.0%) and hepatomegaly (73.26%) were commonly observed.Response to injection Ceftriaxone was excellent.355(77.17%) patients responded to Ceftriaxone alone and 99 (21.52%) patients needed addition of oral Azithromycin.Average hospital stays in our study ranged from 3-9 days. Conclusion: In the present series typhoid fever accounted for 10.94% of pediatric admissions. Though mortality has significantly reduced typhoid fever continues to be an important cause of hospitalization in pediatric population.High incidence among lower age group indicates high endemicity and emphasizes the need of widespread use of vaccination.
Risk Factors and Outcome of Complicated Typhoid Fever at Dr M R Khan Shishu Hospital
Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons
Background: Typhoid fever is caused by salmonella typhi which invades the bloodstream causes systemic involvement & different complications. This study was designed to evaluate the complications of typhoid fever in children admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. M R Khan Shishu Hospital & ICH, over twelve months from July 2019 to June 2020 of 100 children aged 6 months to 15 years who were diagnosed with typhoid fever. Complete history, physical examination and investigation were done to reach the complications. Complications were evaluated and data were analyzed. Results: Complications were found in 37% of typhoid fever cases. Among them, hepatitis, UTI, pneumonia, thrombocytopenia were mostly observed. The majority were boys from poor socio-economic Backgrounds. Complications were usually found on the third week and significantly associated with male child, young age, poor socio-economic Background, poor o...
International Journal of Biological Innovations, 2020
Typhoid fever (or enteric fever) remains a deadly disease in developing countries, particularly in India. Although, the paediatric population is mainly affected by this disease, however, the disease is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in adult populations as well. Typhoid fever is an orally transmitted infectious disease caused by the Gram negative bacterium, Salmonella typhi. The aim of the study was to examine pathogens that cause typhoid fever among healthy people in the Doda region of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Blood was collected from 150 healthy people for testing. A total of 85 (56.7%) healthy people showed positive results that they had typhoid fever based on a clinical examination and serological test, while 65 (43.3%) showed negative results of the total of 150 patients. The Widal test was found to be suitable test for enteric fever. Typhoid fever remains common in the Doda region, even among those with a high level of education. The study conducted during March 2020 to May 2020, is the first of its kind in the Doda region of Jammu and Kashmir.
Innovative Publication, 2016
Background: Typhoid fever caused by bacteria Salmonella typhi is endemic in developing countries like Nepal where water and sanitary conditions are questionable. It disproportionately affects children with varied clinical presentations ranging from a mild illness with low grade fever to severe life threatening complications. Hence this study was carried out to improve the understanding of this disease process in the area, enable prompt diagnosis and effective management of patients to decrease the mortality from typhoid fever. Objective: To study the clinical and laboratory profile of typhoid fever in infants and children with possible gender differentiation. Methodology: A total of 74 infants and children with fever for ≥5 days were enrolled for this study. Positive blood culture for S. typhi and/or Widal agglutination test 1:160 or more dilution for O and /or H antigen, clinical symptoms, signs and the results of laboratory investigations were recorded and the number and percentage noted, with respect to different ages. Results: Mean±Standard Deviation of age was found to be 7.6±3.9. The male to female ratio was 1.4:1 with most of the patients belonging to lower middle class. Headache, anorexia and irritability were statistically significant symptoms for typhoid fever. On the analysis of the signs according to age, there were no significant differences in the frequency of any signs in the three age groups. Most of the symptoms were similar in both sexes. In all the three age groups, fever with abdominal distention and hepatomegaly was the most common presentation. Conclusion: Typhoid fever should be suspected and investigated in all children with short and long duration fever without localizing signs. Early diagnosis and institution of appropriate antibiotics therapy is of paramount importance in the management of typhoid fever.