Biodiversity and Human Livelihoods in Protected Areas: Worldwide Perspective-A Review (original) (raw)
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n ° 2-IUCN Commissions Protected areas : providing natural solutions to 21 st Century challenges
2016
Protected areas remain a cornerstone of global conservation efforts. The double impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss are major threats to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially those relating to environmental sustainability, poverty alleviation and food and water security. The growing awareness of the planet's vulnerability to human driven changes also provides an opportunity to re-emphasize the multiple values of natural ecosystems and the services that they provide. Protected areas, when integrated into landuse plans as part of larger and connected conservation networks, offer practical, tangible solutions to the problems of both species loss and adaptation to climate change. Natural habitats make a significant contribution to mitigation by storing and sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils, and to adaptation by maintaining essential ecosystem services which help societies to respond to, and cope with climate change and other environmental challenges. Many protected areas could be justified on socioeconomic grounds alone yet their multiple goods and services are largely unrecognized in national accounting. This paper argues that there is a convincing case for greater investment in expanded and better-connected protected area systems, under a range of governance and management regimes that are specifically designed to counter the threats of climate change, increased demand and altered patterns of resource use. The new agenda for protected areas requires greater inclusivity of a broader spectrum of actors and rights holders, with growing attention to landscapes and seascapes protected by indigenous peoples, local communities, private owners and other actors which complement conservation areas managed by state agencies. Greater attention also needs to be focused on ways to integrate and mainstream protected areas into sustainable development, including promotion of "green" infrastructure as a strategic part of responses to climate change.
Protected Areas: Policies, Management and Future Directions
Protected Areas: Policies, Management and Future Directions, 2017
Establishment of protected areas (PAs) is one of the key global conservation strategies that currently cover approximately 15% of the earth’s land surface. Globally, PA networks are designed to curb the growing anthropogenic pressures in areas with high biological diversity. Despite the importance of PAs in conserving the vanishing biodiversity and unique habitats, many of them are in critical condition due to poor governance thus functioning below the expected level. Moreover, in many developing countries, the PA coverage is below the global standard. Recognizing their contemporary role in conservation, governments have recently agreed to expand the global PA coverage to 17% by the year 2020 (Aichi target 11). This book with eight chapters from different regions of the world provides an overview of the PAs governance, institutional mechanisms, conservation benefits, limitations and challenges associated with their respective policy discourse, integrated management, and functional attributes. Protected areas expect to play an important role in the long run in conservation and protection of biodiversity and ecosystems particularly in countries where population pressure and habitat loss are high. Regular intervention, political commitment, and effective governance are essential for the sustainability of PAs across the world. Here, we also attempted to shed some light on future development clues for the sustainable management and monitoring of PAs worldwide.governance thus functioning below the expected level. Moreover, in many developing countries, the PA coverage is below the global standard. Recognizing their contemporary role in conservation, governments have recently agreed to expand the global PA coverage to 17% by the year 2020 (Aichi target 11). This book with eight chapters from different regions of the world provides an overview of the PAs governance, institutional mechanisms, conservation benefits, limitations and challenges associated with their respective policy discourse, integrated management, and functional attributes. Protected areas expect to play an important role in the long run in conservation and protection of biodiversity and ecosystems particularly in countries where population pressure and habitat loss are high. Regular intervention, political commitment, and effective governance are essential for the sustainability of PAs across the world. Here, we also attempted to shed some light on future development clues for the sustainable management and monitoring of PAs worldwide.
Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation (2018)
The Routledge Handbook of Latin American Development, 2018
This chapter reviews the rise of and challenges faced by protected areas (PAs) aimed at biodiversity conservation throughout Latin America over the past half century in particular. It charts a similar process throughout the region whereby a global campaign championed by international environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and financial institutions (IFIs) helped to inspire and fund the establishment of nationwide systems of PAs. While these PAs were initially administered predominantly in classic “fortress” fashion, in recent decades this approach has been complemented by introduction of a community-based conservation (CBC) strategy that seeks to enlist local residents as stakeholders and decision makers, introducing a series of market-based instruments (MBIs) including ecotourism and payment for environmental services (PES) to generate revenue to support this. More recently, this approach has been intensifi ed by the rise of “post-neoliberal” politics in a number of societies that pursues a better integration of environmental and developmental concerns. Yet this has been challenged by the expansion of raw material extraction driven in large part by expanding trade relations with East Asia and elsewhere. As a result, protected areas have become key sites of renewed contestation between forces of conservation and extraction. The chapter discusses these developments and their implications for the future of biodiversity conservation in the region.
Protected areas: providing natural solutions to 21st Century challenges
Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment and Society, 2012
Protected areas remain a cornerstone of global conservation efforts. The double impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss are major threats to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially those relating to environmental sustainability, poverty alleviation and food and water security. The growing awareness of the planet's vulnerability to human driven changes also provides an opportunity to re-emphasize the multiple values of natural ecosystems and the services that they provide. Protected areas, when integrated into landuse plans as part of larger and connected conservation networks, offer practical, tangible solutions to the problems of both species loss and adaptation to climate change. Natural habitats make a significant contribution to mitigation by storing and sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils, and to adaptation by maintaining essential ecosystem services which help societies to respond to, and cope with climate change and other environmental challenges. Many protected areas could be justified on socioeconomic grounds alone yet their multiple goods and services are largely unrecognized in national accounting. This paper argues that there is a convincing case for greater investment in expanded and better-connected protected area systems, under a range of governance and management regimes that are specifically designed to counter the threats of climate change, increased demand and altered patterns of resource use. The new agenda for protected areas requires greater inclusivity of a broader spectrum of actors and rights holders, with growing attention to landscapes and seascapes protected by indigenous peoples, local communities, private owners and other actors which complement conservation areas managed by state agencies. Greater attention also needs to be focused on ways to integrate and mainstream protected areas into sustainable development, including promotion of "green" infrastructure as a strategic part of responses to climate change.
SYNTHESIS: Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation II: Management and Effectiveness
This is the second of a two-part series covering protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Part II looks at real-world protected area theory, management, implementation and effectiveness. There are different types of PAs including government-regulated, community-conserved areas, and private reserves. Adequate financial support is necessary for PAs, however it is often difficult to come by. The module also examines the effectiveness of PAs and how they can be successfully monitored.
Protected areas and conservation of biodiversity
Nust Journal of Natural Sciences (NJNS), 2024
Conservation of our biodiversity needs protected areas which are included among the largest types of land use allocation. These cover more than 10% of the global land area and nearly 2% of the oceans. Some of these are regarded as sacred places as well as sources for food and other natural resources. Many are now known as spots of recreation and scenery. All these areas have been selected on a scientific basis followed by well-organized management practices. The area of these has increased much lately but we still need to fill the gaps. These are expected to serve humanity by safeguarding nature, particularly our biodiversity. If we succeed in making humans understand the economic and social values of biodiversity and role of protected areas, we may succeed in bringing down the threats not only in the protected areas but also our surrounding environment.
BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Principles and Practices with Asian Examples, 1999
The previous chapter considered how extension of the commercial use of wildlife might effect the conservation of biodiversity. It was argued that such extension is not always effective in protecting wildlife and that even in cases where it may be considered to be effective, it is usually selective in its conservation of species and variety. Therefore, it is likely to be inadequate in conserving biodiversity and the webs of life so dear to Aldo Leopold (1996). Private property rights and commercialisation of wildlife do not provide a complete answer to the conservation of biodiversity; protected areas need to be provided to ensure a more acceptable level of biodiversity conservation. A related economic matter poses the question: what effects do the extension of the market system and the process of economic globalisation have on the conservation of nature, including its biodiversity? This is taken up in this chapter.
Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation II: Management and Effectiveness Synthesis
This is the second of a two-part series covering protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Part II looks at real-world protected area theory, management, implementation and effectiveness. There are different types of PAs including government-regulated, community-conserved areas, and private reserves. Adequate financial support is necessary for PAs, however it is often difficult to come by. The module also examines the effectiveness of PAs and how they can be successfully monitored.