United States and Western Europe Cooperation in Planetary Exploration (original) (raw)
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2004
organisations were introduced in 1994 and have continued since that time. Limited amounts were made available annually since 1997 for international exchange (summer schools, monitoring conferences etc.), whilst as from 1998 an amount of € 7 million was dedicated to the Young scientists programme. Since the year 2000 five thematic calls were launched. Thus, INTAS has throughout this period been committed to bottom-up proposals selected on the basis of excellence. A variety of new instruments with more regional or thematic focus was gradually introduced. The Innovation call in 2003 was a well targeted action to satisfy the growing demand for the commercialisation of results. 8. Funding was provided for projects in 8 research fields, of which 7 are in the natural sciences. The field of humanities was weakly represented. The field of physics was predominant, from 23 % of funded projects in 1993-1996 to 33% in 1997-2002. This is in line with the number of applications received per field, with an average success rate per field of 16,5%. By far most contracted teams are from Russia (70 %), primarily from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. The Ukraine and Belarus account for 16 % of the funded research teams. The number of teams funded from other countries was relatively small. This distribution is not surprising as it is in proportion to the total number of researchers in the NIS, with a high score for Armenia and a comparatively low score for Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.
In this chapter we analyse the main trends in scientific cooperation between the European Union (EU), and the leading Latin American countries (LAC) by studying the structure of the cooperative projects funded by the EU through the most recent Framework Programmes (FPs) that include Latin American groups and institutions, e.g. all of the projects funded by FP6 and FP7 up to April 2010. The analyses focus on total number of projects, funding, relative contribution made to the project funds by the different countries, geographical distribution and other general features. The analyses also focus on the thematic structure of this type of scientific collaboration, the concentration of projects in specific urban areas, such as capital cities, the existence of dominant elites or institutions in each field that may explain the greater involvement of a country or a city in a higher number of projects and other specific features. We have chosen this approach taking into account the availability of information sources. The advantage of our selection of sources of information is the existence of their time series and the scope of their programmes, which cover many disciplinary fields not covered by the most active institutions working with Latin America (NIH, NASA, US and private foundations) whose initiatives are restricted to research in fields such as health, space, biomedical research or other specific subjects.
Astrobiology, 2009
In 2005 the then ESA Directorate for H um an Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration (D-HME) commissioned a study from the European Science Foundation's (ESF) European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) to exam ine the science aspects of the Aurora Programme in preparation for the December 2005 Ministerial Conference of ESA Member States, held in Berlin. A first interim report was presented to ESA at the second stakeholders meeting on 30 and 31 May 2005. A second draft report was m ade available at the time of the final science stake holders meeting on 16 September 2005 in order for ESA to use its recommendations to prepare the Executive proposal to the Ministerial Conference. The final ESSC report on that activity came a few m onths after the Min isterial Conference (June 2006) and attem pted to capture some elements of the new situation after Berlin, and in the context of the reduction in NASA's budget that was taking place at that time; e.g., the postponem ent sine
Promoting research and education in basic space science: the approach of the UN/ESA workshops
Space Policy, 2003
The United Nations/European Space Agency workshops on basic space science are a long-term effort for the development of astrophysics and space science and regional and international cooperation in this field on a worldwide basis, particularly in developing nations. The first four workshops in this series (India (1991), Costa Rica and Colombia (1992), Nigeria (1993), Egypt (1994)) explored the status of astrophysics and space science in Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, and Western Asia, respectively. One major recommendation that emanated from the first four workshops was that small astronomical facilities should be established in developing nations for research and education programmes at the university level and that such facilities should be networked in the future. Subsequently, a teaching module and observing programmes for small optical telescopes were developed or recommended and astronomical telescope facilities have been inaugurated at UN/ESA workshops on basic space
In 2005 the then ESA Directorate for Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration (D-HME) commissioned a study from the European Science Foundation's (ESF) European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) to examine the science aspects of the Aurora Programme in preparation for the December 2005 Ministerial Conference of ESA Member States, held in Berlin. A first interim report was presented to ESA at the second stakeholders meeting on 30 and 31 May 2005. A second draft report was made available at the time of the final science stakeholders meeting on 16 September 2005 in order for ESA to use its recommendations to prepare the Executive proposal to the Ministerial Conference. The final ESSC report on that activity came a few months after the Ministerial Conference (June 2006) and attempted to capture some elements of the new situation after Berlin, and in the context of the reduction in NASA's budget that was taking place at that time; e.g., the postponement sine 1
European space research in support of international partnership
The envisaged future space research programmes, whether in the field of space exploration or Earth observation are becoming more and more technically complicated and so costly that a single nation can hardly afford to realize them. Major non-European space-faring nations, China and India will progressively play an important role besides US, Russia and Japan. The Space Advisory Group of the European Commission recommended that the European Commission supports within Horizon 2020 a comprehensive Robotic Mars-Exploration Programme under European leadership that should become an essential element of a coordinated international space research programme. The International Space Station (ISS) experience shows that cooperative space programmes build links between industries and laboratories from around the world, which then further develop in non-space related activities, with positive impact on the economy and scientific research. Strategies need to be developed to mitigate the gradual increasing risks incurred by climate change. In order to lower their entry barrier to engage in space emerging and developing space nations need to be included in cooperative space programmes. We present the recommendations of the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission concerning Europe's participation to global space endeavours.
Scientometrics, 1991
International scientific co-operation (ISC) and awareness are topics of increasing interest for both scientists and science policy makers. In this paper, we adopt primarily the science policy point of view. After a concise overview of the literature we summarize the main results of the research we conducted. The main outcome with respect to ISC is that it increases. However, large ~ifferences exist between countries and between scientific disciplines. ISC and awareness constitute a complex phenomenon, affected by several factors, science-internal, as well as external. In the paper several techniques are described, amongst which those that can visualize ISC relations through analytical maps. An important aspect of our research methodology is the combination of various quantitative, bibliometric analyses and qualitative research on the structure of science and the relations between science and society. Finally, we sketch perspectives for future research. Scientometrics 21 (1991) Elsevier, Amsterdam -Oxford -New York -Tokyo Akad~miai Kiad6 H.F. MOED, et al.: INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION WITHIN EC
International Scientific Cooperation and Awareness Within the European Community: Problems and Persp
Scientometrics, 1991
International scientific co-operation (ISC) and awareness are topics of increasing interest for both scientists and science policy makers. In this paper, we adopt primarily the science policy point of view. After a concise overview of the literature we summarize the main results of the research we conducted. The main outcome with respect to ISC is that it increases. However, large ~ifferences exist between countries and between scientific disciplines. ISC and awareness constitute a complex phenomenon, affected by several factors, science-internal, as well as external. In the paper several techniques are described, amongst which those that can visualize ISC relations through analytical maps. An important aspect of our research methodology is the combination of various quantitative, bibliometric analyses and qualitative research on the structure of science and the relations between science and society. Finally, we sketch perspectives for future research. Scientometrics 21 (1991) Elsevier, Amsterdam -Oxford -New York -Tokyo Akad~miai Kiad6 H.F. MOED, et al.: INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION WITHIN EC