Can fungal zoospores be the source of energy for the rumen protozoa Eudiplodinium maggii? (original) (raw)
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Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1995
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Effect of an energy-deficient diet on populations of ciliate protozoans in bovine rumen
Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 2008
Ten young rumen-cannulated crossbred steers were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (C; n=4), which was fed a balanced diet for daily weight gain of 900g; and a pronounced energy-deprived group (PED; n=6), receiving 30% less of the required energy for maintenance. After 140 days of these alimentary regimes, rumen fluid and urine samples were collected for biochemical and functional tests, before feeding and at 1, 3, 6, and 9 hours after feeding. The energy-deprivation diet caused a significant reduction in the number of Entodinium, Eodinium, Isotricha, Dasytricha, Eremoplastron, Eudiplodinium, Metadinium, Charonina, Ostracodinium, and Epidinium protozoa. There was no effect of the time of sampling in both groups on the total number of ciliates in rumen fluid. A higher number of protozoan forms in binary division were recorded in the control group, at the 6 th and 9 th hours after feeding (P<0.019). There was a high positive correlation between the total count of protozoans in rumen fluid and glucose fermentation, ammonia, and urinary allantoin excretion index; and a negative correlation between the total count of protozoa and metilene blue reduction, and a medium correlation between the total count of protozoa and total volatile fatty acids concentration. The determination of the protozoa populations does not imply in the use of complex and hard-to-execute techniques, although it is time consuming and needs practice. This exam particularly helps in clinical expected diagnosis.
Protozoa population and carbohydrate fermentation in sheep fed diet with different plant additives
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2020
Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of two plant additives, rich in polyphenolic compounds, supplemented to sheep diets on microorganisms and carbohydrate fermentation in rumen. Methods: In the experiment, 6 ewes of the Polish Mountain breed were fitted with ruminal cannulas. Sheep were divided into three feeding groups. The study was performed in a crossover design of two animals in each group, with three experimental periods (n = 6 per each group). The animals were fed a control diet (CON) or additionally received 3 g of dry and milled lingonberry leaves (VVI) or oak bark (QUE). Additionally, plant material was analyzed for tannins concentration. Results: Regardless of sampling time, QUE diet increased the number of total protozoa, as well as Entodinium spp., Diplodinium spp. and Isotrichidae family, while decreased bacterial mass. In turn, a reduced number of Diplodinium spp. and increased Ophryoscolex spp. population were noted in VVI fed sheep. During whol...
Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 2013
The biosynthetic potential of four basidiomycetes (Agrocybe aegerita, Flammulina velutipes, Ganoderma applanatum and Pleurotus pulmonarius) and one ascomycete (Morchella esculenta) was examined in regard to biomass, intracellular (endopolysaccharides and lipids) and extracellular (exopolysaccharides) compounds' production in liquid media with glucose as substrate, in static and agitated cultures. Exopolysaccharides' production presented significant negative correlation with biomass, endopolysaccharides and lipids, while biomass was positively related to the production of endopolysaccharides and lipids. Maximum values of biomass, endo-and exo-polysaccharides obtained were quite impressive: P. pulmonarius produced 22.5 g/L of biomass, A. aegerita 60.4 % (w/w) of endopolysaccharides and F. velutipes 1.2 g/L of exopolysaccharides. Polysaccharides and lipids synthesized at the early growth stages were subjected to degradation as the fermentation proceeded. Mycelial lipids of all strains were highly unsaturated, dominated by linoleic acid, whereas glucose was the main building block of endopolysaccharides. The ability of the examined mushroom fungi to synthesize in high quantities biomass and polysaccharides, products with biotechnological and medicinal interest, renders these fungi as potential candidates in sugar-based bio-refineries.
The Life Cycle and Growth Kinetics of an Anaerobic Rumen Fungus
Microbiology, 1987
The life cycle of an anaerobic fungus isolated from the rumen of sheep was studied and was found to be similar to that of the chytrids. The organism was monocentric. At 39 "C the duration of the life cycle varied from about 26 to 32 h. The zoospores were spherical or oval in shape and were polyflagellate (8 to 17 flagella per zoospore). During the first 6.5 h of growth there was a rapid development of an extensive, non-septate, highly branched rhizoidal system ; during this period the 'main' rhizoid increased in length exponentially with a doubling time of 2-49 h. Between 6.5 to 9.5 h after inoculation, the rate of extension of the main rhizoid declined, and no further extension occurred after 9.5 h. The main rhizoid increased in width at its base from 2.2 to 15.0 pm during the first 13 h after inoculation, indicating that intercalary wall growth occurred. Nuclei were occasionally observed in the rhizomycelium using DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2phenylindole) staining. Zoosporangia varied in shape from spherical to columnar, and some columnar zoosporangia were observed to become spherical. The zoosporangium initially increased in volume at an exponential rate with a doubling time of 1.56 h. Between 14 to 20 h after inoculation, growth of the zoosporangium decelerated and little growth occurred after 20 h : the zoosporangium had a final volume of 2.5 x lo5 pm3. At about 21 h after inoculation, a septum was formed at the base of the zoosporangium, delimiting it from the rhizoidal system. The formation of this septum was correlated with the cessation of zoosporangial growth and the onset of zoosporogenesis. After zoosporogenesis, zoospores (about 88 zoospores per zoosporangium) were liberated through a pore formed in the zoosporangial wall opposite the main rhizoid. About 3 h after zoospore release the rhizoidal system became less refractile, suggesting that autolysis had occurred. Growth of the isolate was inhibited by nikkomycin (an inhibitor of chitin synthase), but not by amphotericin B or nystatin (antibiotics which bind to sterols).
Protein utilization by basidiomycete fungi
Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 1986
Three species of basidiomycete fungi , A gari cus bisporus, Coprinus cinereus and Volvariella volvacea, were grown on defined liquid media under conditions of proteinase induction (in the presence of protein as sole source of carbon, nitrogen or sulphur) and derepression (in the absence of any source of one of these major elements). All three species utilized protein as sole source of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. Protein was utilized as efficiently as was glucose when provided as a sole source of carbon. When supplied together as carbon sources both protein and glucose were utilized more rapidly, and growth was greater, than when either protein or glucose were supplied separately as sole sources of carbon. Thus no catabolite repression was observed in the presence of glucose and , similarly, no catabolite repression was observed when media were supplemented with ammonium chloride as well as protein. Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Pilat and Volvariella volvacea (Bull. : Fr.) Sing. are grown commercially for food production on compos ted wheat and rice straw, respectively. Coprinus cinereus (Schaef.: Fr.) Gray, the common weed fungus, is a frequent contaminant of mushroom beds. The nature of the nitrogen source (s) in compost is still unknown but protein is probably the most abundant nitrogen source available to these organisms in the form of lignoprotein, microbial protein and plant protein. Very little is known about how readil y or efficiently the se fungi can utilize protein molecules. Microorganisms are also important in the growth of A. bisporus mycelium in compost (Eddy & Jacobs, 1976; Stanek, 1972; Fermor & Wood, 1981). The microbial biomass of compost probably serves as a concentrated source of nitrogen, carbon and minerals for the mushroom and may contribute significantly to its growth and yield. Microbial polysaccharides may also provide a source of water due to their high water-holding capacity (Wood & Fermor, 1985). A. bisporus is able to degrade dead bacteria and to utilize them as sole source of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (Ferm or & Wood, 1981). However, microbial biomass contributes about 10% of the carbon nutrition of mushroom biomass (Sparling, Fermor & Wood, 1982). The bulk of compost or straw consists of macromolecules, such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and protein, as well as microbial biomass. Ligno-protein polymers constitute the largest fraction degraded during mycelial growth of A.
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Applied Microbiology, 1962
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Applied and environmental microbiology, 1990
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was grown in 1% (wt/vol) gelatin-liquid media singly supplemented with a monosaccharide (glucose or fructose), a disaccharide (maltose or trehalose), a polyol (glycerol, mannitol, or sorbitol), or the amino sugar N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. The relative contributions of the carbohydrate, protein, and water contents in the fungal biomass were determined. Carbohydrates composed 18 to 42% of the mycelial dry weight, and this value was lowest in unsupplemented medium and highest in medium supplemented with glucose, glycerol, or trehalose. Biomass production was highest in liquid cultures supplemented with trehalose. When liquid cultures were grown in medium supplemented with 0 to 1% (wt/vol) glucose, trehalose, or N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, there was an increase in the biomass production and the contribution of carbohydrate to mycelial dry weight. Regardless of the glucose concentration in the culture, water content of the mycelia remained about 7...
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Parasitology Research, 2005
Although there is indirect evidence to suggest that glycogen is present in G. lamblia, to date it has not been purified and identified from this organism. In this study, a high molecular weight carbohydrate was purified and characterized and its physiological role as an energetic reserve was established. The monosaccharide constituents of the carbohydrate reserve were identified as glucose by two independent methods: thin layer chromatography and an enzymatic assay. The degree of branching of the molecule was evaluated by comparing its absorbance spectrum in the presence of lugol with spectra of standard solutions of glycogen and starch under the same conditions. The results strongly suggest that glycogen is present in G. lamblia and acts as an energy reserve in trophozoites of this organism.