The Relationship of Early Risk and Current Mediators to Depressive Symptomatology In Adolescence (original) (raw)
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Depressive Symptoms and Its Associated Factors in 13-Year-Old Urban Adolescents
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2013
The available estimates reveal that 20-50% of adolescents report depressive symptoms, being one of the most prevalent health problems in adolescence. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms in a community sample of 13-year-old adolescents and identify associated features. Thirteen year-old adolescents attending private and public schools in Porto (n = 1,988, 52.2% females) were evaluated from October 2003 to June 2004 and completed a questionnaire including health behaviors and the Beck Depression Inventory II. A questionnaire on parents' socio-demographics and clinical characteristics was sent home. Data were analyzed separately by sex. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 18.8% in girls and 7.6% in boys (p < 0.001). Boys with a family history of depression and girls with smoking habits had a significantly increased risk of depressive symptoms (OR = 2.18, 95%CI 1.00-4.71; OR = 2.34, 95%CI 1.46-3.76). Menarche at an early age significantly increased the risk of depressive symptoms. The characteristics most strongly associated with depressive symptoms were family history of depression among boys, tobacco consumption and an early age at OPEN ACCESS Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10 5027 menarche among girls. The high prevalence of depressive symptoms early in adolescence calls for the awareness of public health professionals.
Psychosocial factors related to adolescent depressive symptom: systematic literature review
International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 2023
Depressive disorder is currently ranked fourth in the world in the prevalence of mental disorders affecting adolescents. This position encourages the author to explore depression risk and protective factors of the particular population. This study aimed to present factors of risk or protection to the symptom development of adolescent depression. We conducted a systematic review of the literature searching in Science Direct and Springerlink to inquire about relevant articles. There were 21 studies published from 2016 to 2020 included in this study. As a result, 37 factors were categorized as psychological (personality trait, cognitive, emotion, behavior, and coping strategy) and social factors (social support, factors related to parents, and negative life events). Some factors are positively correlated with depression, while others negatively correlate with depression. The study results aspire to be the intervention target for minimizing the emergence symptoms of adolescent depression by developing positive personality traits, positive thinking, practical coping strategies skills to find social support and development of positive parenting practice.
American Psychologist, 1993
Adolescence is an important developmental period for understanding the nature, course, and treatment of depression. Recent research concerned with depressive mood, syndromes, and disorders during adolescence is reviewed, including investigations of the prevalence, course, risk factors, and prevention and treatment programs for each of these three levels of depressive phenomena in adolescence. A broad biopsychosocial perspective on adolescent depression is recommended, and possible directions for future integrative research are proposed. Based on current research and knowledge, implications for research, program, and national policy are considered.
Socio Cognitive Correlates of Depression Among Adolescents
2015
Adolescence is an important developmental period for understanding the nature, course, and treatment of depression. It is the peak period for the emergence of depression (Hankin et al., 1998), and depressive episodes in youth frequently lead to devastating ripples across emotional and socioeconomic domains. The image of adolescence as a time of storm and stress, intense moodiness, and preoccupation with the self has permeated both professional and lay perspectives on this developmental period. The belief that significant difficulties, including depression, during adolescence represent normal development has had two major effects on research and practice: (a) Difficulties during adolescence were not considered as an important developmental variation, and (b) adolescent problems were often not treated because of the belief that the adolescent would grow out of them. ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION There are three approaches of adolescent depression to the assessment and classification of adolescent psychopathology: (a) depressed mood, (b) depressive syndromes, and (c) clinical depression. Each approach reflects different assumptions about the nature of psychopathology, serves different purposes, and reflects a different level of depressive phenomena (Angold, 1988;
Prevalence and Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in Young Adolescents
American Journal of Health Behavior, 2003
Objectives: To assess prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms in young adolescents and examine associations between symptoms and sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Methods: Cross-sectional survey data from 3621 seventh grade students from 16 middle schools were analyzed. Results: Elevated depressive symptoms were reported by 40% of girls and 30% of boys. Socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and age group were independently associated with depressive symptomatology. For girls, monthly alcohol use, monthly smoking, heavy drinking, and inhalant use were significant correlates. For boys, monthly alcohol use and inhalant use were significant. Conclusions: Elevated depressive symptomatology was a prevalent problem. Substance use was often associated with depressive symptoms, especially among girls.
Adolescent depression: Why more girls
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1991
Although there has been evidence for some time of a sex difference in depression, relatively little research has examined the developmental process by which women come to be at greater risk than men for depression. In this paper, the developmental pattern of depressed affect is examined over early and middle adolescence, with a special focus on the patterns of boys as compared to girls. In addition, a developmental model for mental health in adolescence is tested for its power in explaining the emergence of gender differences in depression. Longitudinal data on 335 adolescents randomly selected from two school districts were used to test the hypotheses. Results revealed that girls are at risk for developing depressed affect by 12th grade because they experienced more challenges in early adolescence than did boys. The sex difference in depressed affect at 12th grade disappears once early adolescent challenges are considered.
Risk and Protective Factors to Depressive Symptoms in School-Going Adolescents
Aim: The study aimed to explore the risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms in adolescents aged 14-18, studying in schools. Method: A cross-sectional school based survey was carried out in a metropolitan city in Southern India. A total of 964 boys and girls studying in 21 schools completed a battery of questionnaires. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to measure depressive symptoms. The psychosocial variables measured were self-esteem, family relationships, social support, school environment, life events and daily hassles. Odds ratio were calculated for risk and protective factors using logistic regression. Results: Mild depression was reported by 37% adolescents, moderate depression by 19.4% and severe depression by 4.3%. Adjusted odds ratio calculated using multiple
Adolescent Context and Depressive Symptom Trajectories in a National Sample: Ages 13 to 34
Group-based trajectory analyses of depressive symptoms are often conducted with convenience samples, over limited developmental periods, or with a limited set of predictors in the adolescent context. Examinations of protective and risk factors in robust national samples are needed. Using an ecological approach, this study's purpose is to identify key relational and contextual factors associated with trajectory groups of depressive symptoms that span ages 13 to 34. 12,248 respondents in the National Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Waves 1, 3, and 4) were analyzed with a group-based, cohort sequential design to identify trajectory classes, shapes, and adolescent (i.e., Wave 1) risk and protective factors for depressive symptom trajectories. A four-class quadratic solution was identified. Close attachment to parents was strongly associated with decreased odds of membership on elevated trajectories. No relationship with a mother or father was associated with better mental health than a poor relationship with that parent. Peer support, teacher support, and educational achievement were highly protective. Romantic relationships, increased number of sexual partners, and prayer were modestly associated with higher depressive symptom burden. Pregnancy was associated with increased burden later in life relative to the teenage years. In sum, adolescent family, school, peer, and religious contexts provide insight into several protective and risk factors for depressive symptoms that persist over time. Keywords Adolescence. Young adulthood. Depressive symptoms. Group-based modeling. Latent class analysis Depressive symptoms are widely studied, and for good reason. Among US adolescents, 12month prevalence of major depressive disorders ranges from 2.5 to 16.8% (Essau and
Patterns of Depressive Symptoms in Children
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 2007
PROBLEM: Depressive symptoms in children have been linked to recurrent problems with depression, school problems, and risky health behaviors. Adolescent girls report depressive symptoms three to four times more frequently than adolescent boys. Few studies, however, have examined gender-related depressive symptoms in younger, school-aged children. METHODS: In the present study, gender differences in depressive symptoms in children ages 10-12 years were explored using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) with a convenience sample of 122 suburban middle-class public school fifth and sixth graders. FINDINGS: A distinct pattern of depressive symptom expression was found with girls reporting more internalizing and more negative self-esteem, and boys reporting more externalizing and more school problems. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that despite similarities on a total depressive symptom score, there are distinct gender differences in depressive symptom expression that are identifiable before adolescence and may be associated with normative development.