Review. The use of cryopreservation for germplasm conservation of vegetatively propagated crops (original) (raw)
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Comparison of Cryopreservation Methods of Vegetatively Propagated Crops Based on Thermal Analysis
Current Frontiers in Cryopreservation, 2012
Republic 2. Importance of cryopreservation of vegetatively propagated plants Some of vegetatively propagated plants are not able to reproduce by seeds e.g. garlic plant (Allium sativum L.). The only way how to propagate it is to use its cloves or bulbils www.intechopen.com Current Frontiers in Cryopreservation 334 for seeding plants for further growing. The vegetatively propagated plant germplasm is endangered by abiotic and biotic factors in the field conditions. Although the production area of many vegetatively propagated plants has been decreasing, many local cultivars and varieties remain. In the presence of decreasing cultivar variability in production areas, diminishing of old orchards, as well as appearance of diseases close to field collection areas, the question of safely maintaining the broad genetic potential of fruit trees is arising. Two safe methods ensure vegetatively propagated plant germplasm maintenance with a low risk of loss: slow-growth in vitro culture and the cryopreservation methods. Advantages of in vitro collection are aseptic and stable conditions of the cultivation and availability of the material during the year. A disadvantage is the necessity of sequential plant multiplication. Advantages of cryo-collection are low costs for its long-term maintenance and material stability. Disadvantages are a longer time for the plant to recover from stored material and a rather high input costs of the cryopreservation procedure. The best way how to maintain germplasm is the combination of both methods. The base collection should be maintained by in vitro collection that provides the material in case of requirements. Core collection of the most valuable material, should be backedup by cryo-collection for long-term storage, and plants are recovered just in case the genotype is lost from the base collection. For that reason, important vegetatively propagated plant collections have started to introduce accessions to slow-growth in vitro cultures and simultaneously in cryo-collection in liquid nitrogen (Gonzalez
Cryopreservation of plant germplasm: The Cuban experience
Biocell: official journal of the Sociedades Latinoamericanas de Microscopía Electronica ... et. al
Cryopreservation is currently the only safe and cost-effective method for long-term storage of plant germplasm. In Cuba, the research on cryopreservation begun in 1994 at the Bioplantas Centre University of Ciego de Avila with the general objective to evaluate and develop feasible cryopreservation techniques for crops of great commercial importance of the province. In this sense, sugarcane and pineapple are considered examples. It has been possible by the scientific and financial support from the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and the International Foundation for Science. In the case of sugarcane, a cryopreservation methodology for embryogenic calluses using a simplified procedure of slow cooling was established. The effect of cryopreservation on the structural and functional integrity of cell membranes and the field performance of plants both derived from cryopreserved sugarcane calluses has been studied. Recently, a droplet-vitrification procedure applicable to su...
The hiplications of Biotechnology in Germplasm Conservation and Utilization
The current preferred method of germplasm preservation is seed storage at low temperature. However, for vegetatively propagated plants and plants producing recalcitrant seeds, longterm seed storage is inappropriateor impossible. A new method under consideration in biotechnology for germplasm banks is in tifro culture. About 350 species can be cultivated by it1 v i m culture. in the form of excised shoot-tips or meristems, adventitious budding from callus or cell-suspension culture and somatic embryogenesis from an original explant. It is possible to initiate cultures from immature anthers. ovules. protoplasts and inflorescences. Germplasm storage may be short term (with frequent periodical subcultures). medium term (with reduced growth taie) or long term in liquid nitrogen. I n vitro storage appears to be more suitable for species that produce recalcitrant seeds (Withers and Williams, 1982) and for vegetatively propagated plants. CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES Plants producing recalcitrant seeds Usually, seeds are used for storage. Seeds may be either orthodox or recalcitrant, according to their ability to tolerate desiccation. Most temperate species produce onhodox seeds. Recalcitrant seeds, which are produced by many perennial species, are unable to withstand desiccation and freezing (Roberts, 1973). and such seeds pose considerable problems with respect to long-term preservation (see Table o I b. K TO. M. foeas uocumiiiilií~ Vegetatively propagated plants Genetic erosion of many economically import&&o~opplants. including potato, cassava, yam and sweet potato, has been taking place in several ways: replacement of native cultivars by *c / " t 2x0 BldTECHNOLOGY IN GERMPLASM CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION
Genetic conservation of plantation crops and spices using cryopreservation
Germplasm conservation in the form of seed is convenient and most cost-effective ex situ conservation method for plant species producing orthodox seeds. Several species of plantation crops and spices produce non-orthodox seeds, which exhibit intermediate or recalcitrant seed storage behaviour. Storage of these species requires the use of in vitro conservation techniques for short-to medium-term conservation and cryopreservation to achieve long-term conservation. Various cryotechniques applicable to 11 genera totaling 16 species [rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.-Arg.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), arecanut (Areca catechu L.), oilpalm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), Coffea spp., tea (Camellia sinensis L.(O.) Kuntze), black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton), cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt)] are reviewed in the present paper. Physical and physiological factors determining the success or failure of cryopreservation are also discussed.
I International Symposium on Cryopreservation in Horticultural Species, 2011
Syria, located at the eastern side of the Mediterranean Sea, has a unique potential and richness in genetic diversity. There are over 3150 plant species among them worldwide important plants, e.g. almond, apple, date palm, pear, pistachio, and olive. Because of numerous man-made and natural pressures, losses in biological diversity especially for apples and wild olive are recorded. Therefore, in collaboration with IPGRI and FAO, a national programme for plant genetic resources conservation was established 10 years ago. It involves in situ, ex situ and in vitro conservation approaches. In the frame of this programme, characterization of the genetic diversity of local Syrian cultivars has started. The in situ conservation of wild plant species is carried out through over 22 protected areas and 2 national parks of 315,221 ha in total. Ex situ conservation includes seed genebanks to storage seeds for long-term (at-18 to-22°C) and medium-term (at 0 to 4°C), field genebanks to storage apple, pistachio, wild olive etc., and botanical gardens. In vitro conservation is used to maintain local cultivars of potato. For vegetative propagated plants, cryopreservation could be a promising technique for long-term conservation. However, in spite of availability of cryopreservation protocols, this technique is not used in Syria due to a lack of coordinated research, as well as limitations in efficient and robust cryopreservation protocols and technologies.
Polish Cryobanks: Research and Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
To date, the use of liquid nitrogen (LN) in plant gene banks is relatively limited. Globally, in 2021, approximately 10,000 accessions were cryopreserved, and their explants were derived from in vitro plants. In Europe, out of 500 banks, only 20 use cryogenic temperatures to store plant germplasms. The implementation of seven conservation projects in Poland starting in the 1990s meant that the gene banking system in this country began to gradually develop. Plant gene bank is mainly based on the collection of seeds and makes little use of plant tissues, including those from in vitro culture. From the point of view of systematics, plant material belonging to spermatophytes dominates in Polish gene banks, while spore plants are rarely represented. This review represents the first summary of gene cryobank activities and resources in Poland. It contains a brief overview of the ex situ plant protection programs aimed at the use of LN and presents the characteristics of four existing gene ...
Cryopreservation in Floricultural Plants
Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology: Advances and Topical Issues Vol. I, 2006
Cryopreservation is considered an ideal means for the long-term conservation of plant genetic resources. This charpter provided comprehensive information on developments and advances of cryopreservation of shoot tips, cell cultures, somatic and zygotic embryos, pollen, anthers, seeds, immature seeds, and axes of zygotic embryos of floricultural crops. Although much progress has been made in the last several decades, existing data clearly showed that studies on cryopreservation in floricultural crops had been far lagging behind those on other crops such as fruit trees. Threats to genetic resources of floricultural crops are becoming much more serious than ever and, at the same time, the demand for new cultivars with novel traits by market is becoming much stronger than ever. Therefore, much more efforts should be invested in studies on cryopreservation, in order to maintain biodiversity and avoid genetic erosion of genetic resources, thus meeting the need by classical breeding and genetic engineering programs. Potential applications of cryopreservation to virus elimination and transformation should also be attempted.
Chapter: Advances in Cryogenic Techniques for the Long-Term Preservation of Plant Biodiversity
Biotechnology and Biodiversity. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, Volume 4, Edited by M.R. Ahuja, K.G. Ramawat, 10/2014: pages 129-170; Springer International Publishing., ISBN: 978-3-319-09381-9, 2014
This chapter presents different technical aspects related to the development and large-scale application of cryopreservation techniques, as a biotechnological approach for the long-term storage of plant biodiversity. The main cryogenic procedures and the key steps for their successful adaptation to diverse forms of germplasm are described. Some representative examples of cryopreservation of different plant species are presented to illustrate the significant progress achieved in the practical utilization of cryopreservation as a complementary alternative for germplasm conservation. In addition, other potential uses of this technology to support genetic breeding programs, and its recent utilization to eliminate systemic plant pathogens through cryotherapy are discussed.
Advances in Cryogenic Techniques for the Long-Term Preservation of Plant Biodiversity.
This chapter presents different technical aspects related to the development and large-scale application of cryopreservation techniques, as a biotechnological approach for the long-term storage of plant biodiversity. The main cryogenic procedures and the key steps for their successful adaptation to diverse forms of germplasm are described. Some representative examples of cryopreservation of different plant species are presented to illustrate the significant progress achieved in the practical utilization of cryopreservation as a complementary alternative for germplasm conservation. In addition, other potential uses of this technology to support genetic breeding programs, and its recent utilization to eliminate systemic plant pathogens through cryotherapy are discussed.