Lipoprotein(a) levels, apo(a) isoform size, and coronary heart disease risk in the Framingham Offspring Study (original) (raw)

2011, The Journal of Lipid Research

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) was fi rst described by Berg in 1963 (1). Lp(a) is a lipoprotein similar in structure to LDL, but differs from LDL in having apo(a), a large glycoprotein, attached to apoB-100 by a disulfi de bond (2). Apo(a) shares strong homology with several regions of plasminogen (3), including the protease domain, the kringle 5 domain, and 10 types of the kringle 4 domain. It has been shown that apo(a) is highly polymorphic in size due to different numbers of the kringle 4 type 2 (kringle-4 2) domain, ranging from a minimum of 3 to greater than 40 (4). Plasma levels of Lp(a) are highly heritable (2, 5) and are inversely correlated with the apo(a) isoform size, with subjects carrying small isoforms having high plasma Lp(a) levels (5). Metabolic studies have shown that the inverse association between plasma Lp(a) levels and apo(a) isoform size is due to differences in the hepatic secretion of apo(a), with subjects carrying small apo(a) isoforms having increased apo(a) secretion (6, 7). Boerwinkle et al. (8) indicated that 69% of the variability in plasma Lp(a) levels is accounted for by the number of apo(a) kringle-4 2 repeats, and an additional 21% of the variation is explained by other sequences within the gene coding for apo(a). Recently, the rs3798220 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the apo(a) locus was found to be a strong predictor of Lp(a) levels and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk (9). Plasma Lp(a) levels are associated with CHD risk (10, 11). The mechanisms by which Lp(a) increases CHD risk are not well defi ned, but may include both a prothrombotic effect due to the similarity of apo(a) to the fi brinolytic pro-enzyme plasminogen (12, 13), and an atherogenic effect mediated by the preferential binding of oxidized phospholipids by Lp(a) as well as Lp(a) deposition in the arterial wall (14).