Simulation of Low Impact Development (LID) Practices and Comparison with Conventional Drainage Solutions (original) (raw)
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Managing Stormwater Using Low Impact Development (LID) Techniques
As more land is covered by impervious surfaces, less rainfall infiltrates into the ground and instead becomes runoff. Too much runoff is problematic. Flooding increases, streambanks erode, and water quality is reduced. An increase of impervious area of as little 10 percent has been shown to negatively impact streams. The purpose of this publication is to explain low impact development strategies and how they can be used to improve stormwater management by reducing impacts on streams.
Cost Efficiency of Low Impact Development (LID) Stormwater Management Practices
Stormwater management has focused increasingly on Low Impact Development (LID) techniques in recent years. Although their effectiveness has been demonstrated in a number of cases, methodologies for the selection of most appropriate solutions for individual sites are still evolving. The cost efficiency of implementing a wide range of LID techniques in a proposed land development in the City of London, Ontario, Canada was investigated using continuous hydrologic simulation and a recently developed LID costing tool. The results indicate that infiltration trench and infiltration trench in combination with green roof were the most cost efficient solutions for runoff reduction.
Modeling flood reduction effects of low impact development at a watershed scale
Journal of Environmental Management, 2016
Low impact development (LID) is a land development approach that seeks to mimic a site's predevelopment hydrology. This study is a case study that assessed flood reduction capabilities of largescale adoption of LID practices in an urban watershed in central Illinois using the Personal Computer Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM). Two flood metrics based on runoff discharge were developed to determine action flood (43 m 3 /s) and major flood (95 m 3 /s). Four land use scenarios for urban growth were evaluated to determine the impacts of urbanization on runoff and flooding. Flood attenuation effects of porous pavement, rain barrel, and rain garden at various application levels were also evaluated as retrofitting technologies in the study watershed over a period of 30 years. Simulation results indicated that increase in urban land use from 50 to 94% between 1992 and 2030 increased average annual runoff and flood events by more than 30%, suggesting that urbanization without sound management would increase flood risks. The various implementation levels of the three LID practices resulted in 3e47% runoff reduction in the study watershed. Flood flow events that include action floods and major floods were also reduced by 0e40%, indicating that LID practices can be used to mitigate flood risk in urban watersheds. The study provides an insight into flood management with LID practices in existing urban areas.
Water Science and Technology, 2019
Low impact development (LID) methods have been shown to be efficient in reducing the peak flow and total volume of urban stormwater, which is a top priority for effective urban stormwater management in many municipalities. However, decision-makers need information on the effects of LIDs and their associated costs before allocating limited resources. In this study, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to investigate the effects of five different LID scenarios on urban flooding in a district in Tehran, Iran. The LID scenarios included rain barrel (RB) at two sizes, bio-retention cell (BRC), and combinations of the two structures. The results showed that significant node flooding and overflow volume would occur in the study area under the existing conditions, especially for rainfall events with longer return periods. BRC and combinations of BRC and RBs were the most effective options in reducing flooding, while the smaller-size RB was the cheapest alternative. However, norm...
Evaluating the Performance of Low Impact Developments on Runoff Volume in Washington DC
2012
1. ABSTRACT The effectiveness of LID practices in reducing the stormwater runoff load in an area in the east side of the District of Columbia is evaluated. The EPA Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) is used for this evaluation. A few major simplifications have been made to make modeling of storm water possible over a large and highly heterogeneous area.
Low-Impact Development:an Innovative Alternative Approach to Stormwater Management
Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2000
To assist local governments in their efforts to develop more effective stormwater management programs, an innovative comprehensive approach to stormwater management referred to as Low-Impact Development (LID) has been developed. Low-Impact Development technology employs microscale and distributed management techniques. This paper briefly outlines the development of LID technology and discusses its basic hydrological control principles. However, LID's source control techniques are an economical common sense approach that can be used to better manage new development or retrofit existing development. We believe that this new approach is a significant step forward towards advancing the state-of-the-art of stormwater management and will be a valuable and useful tool for local governments in their efforts to control urban runoff.
Low-Impact-Development Practices for Stormwater: Implications for Urban Hydrology
2007
Since 1970, the design focus of urban stormwater systems has expanded from quick removal of stormwater to include control of peak flows (1970s) and removal of pollutants (1980s). The addition of stormwater ponds as control elements satisfied these two concerns to some extent, but further concerns arose in the 1990s related to changes in flow patterns in urban receiving waters, such as extended periods of high flow rates and reduced baseflow. These changes result from altered surface water storage, reduced evapotranspiration and infiltration, and increased runoff in urbanized areas and cause unintended damage to ecosystems dependent on surface water and groundwater. An alternative form of urban development and stormwater management, called Low Impact Development (LID), provides for urban development while maintaining hydrologic and water quality characteristics closer to those existing prior to urbanization. This study used watershed modelling to evaluate the capability of LID techniques to mitigate the impact of urbanization on hydrology using a catchment area in Kitchener, Ontario as a case study. Results are consistent with those reported in recently published papers and demonstrate that LID practices have the potential to minimize the undesirable hydrologic effects of urbanization not only in new developments but also in a retrofit application.
LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT: AN APPROACH TO RETROFIT A CONVENTIONAL STORMWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Among the adverse side effects of rapid urbanization is the significant increase in the amount of impervious surface leading to higher stormwater runoff volume and peak flows. In moving away from the traditional ‘rapid disposal’ approach to stormwater management, development professionals are beginning to pay close attention to the emerging eco-friendly techniques packaged as Low Impact Development (LID). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of certain LID techniques in reducing stormwater runoff in an urban residential area located in Taman Wangsa Melawati, Kuala Lumpur. By hypothetically retrofitting the existing stormwater management system with LID techniques including bioretentions and rainwater harvesting (RWH) devices. A series of hydrological simulations was conducted using XPSWMM to evaluate the impact of the retrofits on total runoff volume and peak flows. Convincingly, the simulation results indicated a reduction in the runoff volume and the peak flow by almost 15% and 30% for bioretention and RWH devices respectively at the outlet. Although the experiment carried out in this study is only hypothetical, the sound basis of the theory and the promising results of the simulations offer an alternative to the conventional stormwater management practice that is hard to ignore. Keywords: Low Impact Development (LID), landscape, rainwater harvesting (RWH), XPSWMM, imperviousness, storm water runoff
HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO STORM WATER MANAGEMENT AND LAND DEVELOPMENT
Journal of The American Water Resources Association, 2006
Low impact development (LID) and other land development methods have been presented as alternatives to conventional storm water management and site design. Low impact development encourages land preservation and use of distributed, infiltration-based storm water management systems to minimize impacts on hydrology. Such systems can include shallow retention areas, akin to natural depression storage. Other approaches to land development may emphasize land preservation only. Herein, an analysis of four development alternatives is presented. The first was Traditional development with conventional pipe/pond storm water management and half-acre lots. The second alternative was Cluster development, in which implementation of the local cluster development ordnance was assumed, resulting in quarter-acre lots with a pipe/pond storm water management system and open space preservation. The “Partial” LID option used the same lot layout as the Traditional option, with a storm water management system emphasizing shallow depression storage. The “Full” LID used the Cluster site plan and the depression storage-based storm water management system. The alternatives were compared to the hydrologic response of existing site conditions. The analysis used two design storms and a continuous rainfall record. The combination of land preservation and infiltration-based storm water management yielded the hydrologic response closest to existing conditions, although ponds were required to control peak flows for the design storms.
Journal of Water and Wastewater, 2021
Unsustainable development and rapid urbanization have led to changes in the hydrological characteristics of watersheds, and the risk of flooding has been increased consequently. One of the solutions used for quantitative and qualitative control of urban runoff is green infrastructure and low impact development (LID) based approaches that have attracted the attention of many researchers. In this study, SWMM was used to simulate the rainfall-runoff process in region 1, district 11, Tehran. Six scenarios, including different combinations of several LID types such as Green Roof, Rain Barrel, Bioretention Cell, Porous Pavement, Vegetated Swale, and Dry Pond were developed. Then the SUSTAIN model was utilized to assess each scenario's performance. Optimal solutions were then obtained using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II), and a cost-effectiveness Pareto frontier curve was performed for all scenarios. Results showed that the selected solutions of scenarios one to six reduced the runoff volume by 53%, 4%, 66%, 72%, 31%, 34%, respectively. Scenario 4, with a combination of rain barrels, porous pavements, and vegetated swales with a runoff volume reduction of 72% and an implementation cost of $ 12.2 million, showed the best performance, comparing the other scenarios' corresponding optimal solutions. Scenario 6 also came in next with a 34% effectiveness and a cost of $ 7.1 million. The combined use of SUSTAIN and SWMM, in addition to the technical evaluation, helped to attain optimized, cost-effective solutions for developed scenarios as well. The results of this study can also help relevant organizations and decision-makers to design, evaluate performance, and implement costs of different LID scenarios.