Factors Influencing the Development of PTSD in Battered Women (original) (raw)
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á«°ùØædGh ájƒHÎdG Ωƒ∏©dG á∏›, 2015
The aim of this study was to investigate the PTSD symptomology among a sample of battered women in the light of violence types, helping availability and violence recurrence variables. The study sample consisted of )129( battered and abused women who were chosen randomly.The structured interview to evaluate the violence types and severity and PTSD diagnostic tool consisted of three dimensions )re-experiencing the event, avoidance and hyper arousal( were used in this study. The results revealed a mid prevalence of PTSD
Cognitive Trauma Therapy for Battered Women: Replication and extension
Psychology of Violence, 2016
Objective: To replicate and extend findings from a previous controlled trial of Cognitive Trauma Therapy for Battered Women (CTT-BW; Kubany et al., 2004), the current study presents data on the treatment of 8 women with PTSD related to intimate partner violence (IPV). Method: CTT-BW was administered weekly, using the manual provided by Kubany and a multiple baseline across participants design. Participants were assessed for PTSD and depression, as well as secondary outcomes. Results: Significant decreases from pre-to posttreatment were noted in PTSD (Hedges g ϭ 1.90) and depression (Hedges g ϭ 1.52), the primary outcomes. Obtained effect sizes for PTSD and depression can be classified as large. Anxiety, self-esteem, and quality of life improved significantly during the pre-to posttreatment interval. Conclusions: Results are discussed in light of treatment needs for women with PTSD related to IPV and the potential for CTT-BW to be used in diverse settings.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in women: Diagnosis and treatment of battered woman syndrome
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 1991
Women victims of marital abuse suffer many symptoms ofPTSD. This article discusses issues of diagnosis, evaluation, interviewing, treatment, and legal implications of the battered woman syndrome. The debate around the addition of the newly proposed diagnostic categories to the personality disorder section of the DSM-III-R (APA, 1987) began in 1985 (cf. Widiger, 1987) and has continued to date, especially concerning battered women syndrome. The debate itself has focused attention on the inadequacy of the current mental health classification system for women victims of violence even though the situationally based anxiety disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (APA, 1987, pp. 247-251) comes closest to describing battered woman syndrome, the group of psychological symptoms often observed after a woman has repeatedly experienced physical, sexual and/or serious psychological abuse. Like in other subclassifications of PTSD that measure dysfunction following repeated man-made trauma, such as rape trauma syndrome, battered child syndrome, child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome, and combat war syndrome, there are different symptom patterns observable in addition to the core group of arousal, avoidance, and intrusive cognitive memories present in a PTSD. The addition in the DSM-III-R Appendix A (APA), 1987, pp. 371-374) of Self Defeating Personality Disorder, which is the new name given to the old concept of masochistic personality disorder, has caused it to become one of the most
Assessing the effects of violence on women in battering relationships with the Keane MMPI-PTSD scale
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1996
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-Keane Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale (PK) has proven to be a reliable and valid measure of PTSD in combat veterans. However, few studies have examined the scale's validity in battered women, who often present with PTSD. Using empirically derived cutoff scores for the PK Scale, 69 battered women were assigned to PTSD-Positive and PTSD-Negative groups and then compared on measures of PTSD, distress, social support, and history of abuse in and out of the battering relationship. The PTSD-Positive group scored significantly higher across all measures of PTSD and distress, supporting the concurrent validity of the PK Scale in this population. However, the two groups differed only for the frequency of death threats, suggesting that the PK Scale is only mildly sensitive to the level of trauma exposure. Finally, lower levels of perceived social support were found in the PTSD-Positive than the PTSD-Negative group. Implications of these findings for the assessment of PTSD in battered women are discussed.
Posttraumatic stress disorder among battered women: Analysis of legal implications
Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 1994
The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has recently been applied to the psychological experiences of victims of intimate violence, including physical and sexual assault. The use of trauma theory to explain battered women's responses to violence has laid a foundation for expert testimony on PTSD, where relevant, within more general testimony concerning partner violence. This article discusses the relevance of the PTSD diagnosis within the legal context for explaining battered women's responses to violence.
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 2008
A considerable body of research has demonstrated that women who are abused by their male romantic partners are at substantially elevated risk for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article reviews recent literature regarding intimate partner violence (IPV) and resultant PTSD symptoms. The article is intended to be an introduction to the topic rather than an exhaustive review of the extensive literature in this area. Factors that enhance and reduce the risk for PTSD, including social support, coping styles, and types of abusive behavior experienced, are described. In addition, the unique risks associated with IPV for women who have children are discussed. Prevention efforts and treatment are briefly reviewed.
Traumatic responses among battered women who kill
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1994
This study compared levels of violence, social support, and post-traumatic stress between battered women charged with a violent crime against an abusive partner and those seeking help from a mental health clinic. Results indicated that forensic battered women were more likely than clinical battered women to report experiencing severe violence, including sexual abuse, in their relationships. Women in the forensic sample also reported less social support and greater post-traumatic stress than women in the clinical sample. However, when social support and level of violence were accounted for, levels of general post-traumatic stress indicators (MMPI-PTSD, CR-PTSD, GS1) were no longer different between groups, although levels of specific post-traumatic stress indicators (intrusion, avoidance) remained higher for battered women in the forensic sample. Implications for understanding battered women's response to violence and their post-traumatic reactions to it are discussed.
Violence and victims, 2003
This study examined the relative effects of intimate partner physical and sexual violence on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. Severity of physical and sexual violence as well as PTSD severity were assessed in a sample of 62 help-seeking battered women. The results of this study were consistent with prior research, finding significant and positive relationships between physical and sexual violence as well as sexual violence and PTSD symptoms. In order to further clarify these relationships, the unique effects of sexual violence on PTSD were examined after controlling for physical violence severity. Results indicated that sexual violence severity explained a significant proportion of the variance in PTSD severity beyond that which was already accounted for by physical violence severity. These findings have important implications for mental health and social service professionals who work with battered women.
Battered women's cognitive schemata
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1994
This study examined battered women's cognitive schema in relation to their cognitions about violence (i.e., the “meaning” attached to the violence), post-traumatic reactions to violence, and sexual victimization histories. Seventy-two battered women seeking help from an outpatient family violence clinic were subjects. The meaning of the violence (e.g., expectations of recurrent violence and of severe/lethal violence, causal attribution) was found to explain variance in cognitive schemata about SAFETY, SELF, AND OTHER (McCann and Pearlman, 1990a). All measures of cognitive schemata were significantly related to various global and specific measures of posttraumatic stress (GSI, MMPI-PTSD, IES). No differences were found for cognitive schemata based on histories of sexual victimization. Results point to the importance of assessing the impact of traumatic experiences on core cognitive beliefs as a component in the constellation of post-traumatic sequelae.
Validation of the Keane MMPI-PTSD Scale Against DSM-III-R Criteria in a Sample of Battered Women
Violence and Victims, 1997
The Keane, MMPI-PTSD Scale has proven to be a reliable and valid measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat veterans. However, few studies have examined the MMPI-PTSD Scale's validity in civilian trauma victims, including battered women. In the present study, 46 battered women who completed the MMPI-PTSD Scale were assigned to PTSD-Positive and PTSD-Negative groups based on a structured diagnostic interview and then contrasted on the MMPI-PTSD Scale. Significantly higher scores on the scale were found in the PTSD-Positive group. Also, a cutoff score of 22 on the MMPI-PTSD Scale correctly classified 80.4% of the sample. Correlations between the MMPI-PTSD and DSM-III-R criteria suggest that the scale is moderately sensitive to many of the symptoms particularly those involving intrusion and psychological arousal, comprising the diagnosis of PTSD. This investigation provides further support for the validity of the MMPI-PTSD Scale and its utility in screening battered women for PTSD.