Epidemiology of Eimeria infections in an Austrian milking sheep flock and control with diclazuril (original) (raw)
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Lamb eimeriosis: Applied treatment protocols in dairy sheep production systems
Veterinary Parasitology, 2013
The effect of different treatment protocols using the triazinone compounds diclazuril and toltrazuril on Eimeria oocyst excretion, diarrhoea and weight gain was evaluated in the present study. The protocols were designed in order to best fit to common management practices in dairy production systems as applied in Greece. During the first two trials comparative preventive (11 days after birth) and therapeutic (18 days after birth) single treatments using either drug were performed on an intensive farm. In Trial 3 the efficacy of a repeated diclazuril treatment after weaning (at the start and 4 weeks later) of the animals in a semi-intensive farm was tested. The last trial was performed in order to assess the effect of a single oral dose of toltrazuril after weaning of the animals on the same farm. During an observation period of 6-7 weeks after treatment animals in all trials were clinically examined for diarrhoea and faecal samples were regularly monitored for Eimeria oocysts at weekly intervals. Body weight was also determined at the start and end of each trial. A single treatment with toltrazuril resulted in a significant reduction of oocyst excretion over the study period compared to the control, with very high efficacy values during the first 2-3 weeks after treatment, irrespective of the treatment protocol and the management system applied. This in general could not be confirmed in the protocols using diclazuril, which showed a much lower and mostly variable efficacy pattern.
Parasitology Research, 2013
Sheep coccidiosis is a pathology caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria spp. with clinical and economic effect especially in young animals (Ambrosi 1995; Pellérdy 1974). A field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a metaphylactic treatment with toltrazuril 5 % suspension (Baycox ® , Bayer) in comparison with diclazuril (Vecoxan ® , Janssen-Cilag) and untreated controls against naturally acquired Eimeria infections in housed lambs. A total of 170 animals, aged 24 to 34 days and randomly divided in three homogeneous groups, were included in the study. The assessment of treatment efficacy was based on total faecal oocyst excretion (opg) and count reduction (FOCR) in the two groups of animals treated with toltrazuril (TOLT) and diclazuril (DICL) compared with untreated control group (C). The animals treated with toltrazuril showed a considerably lower mean opg to that of group C (5.78 opg versus 144.62 opg) (p < 0.05) and a FOCR of 97.7 %. The higher efficacy (99.23 %) was observed at 15 days post treatment; however, the average efficacy of the S164 Protozoa drug remained extremely high (> 90 %) for all the study. The lambs treated with diclazuril showed an intense, persistent oocyst excretion with average levels of 97.54 opg, (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates the good efficacy of toltrazuril administered orally to lambs in the prepatent period in subclinical natural Eimeria infections in housed lambs.
Repeatability of ovine faecal oocyst counts in natural infections with Eimeria spp
International Journal for Parasitology, 1992
YVORE P., CABARET J. and SOLON S. 1992. Repeatability of ovine faecal oocyst counts in natural infections with Eimeria spp. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 515-5 18. The repeatability of ovine faecal oocyst counts was studied in Merino of Arles and Romanov sheep over short (4 days) or longer periods (1 month). The repeatabilities over short periods ranged from 0.27 to 0.67 for total oocyst output, from 0.06 to 0.54 for Eimerio ovinoidalis and from 0.29 to 0.52 for E. parva counts. E. ovj~oi~~~ had lower and more irregular repeatabilities than E. purva. Their repeatabilities ranged, respectively from 0.18 (E. ovj~o~~Z~) to 0.22 (E. purvo) for longer periods. The genetic share in the determination of magnitude of oocyst counts seems simiiar to that recorded for trichostrongylid egg counts.
Eimeria Infection in Sheep and Dairy Cattle in
2017
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 in Akaki Kality subcity of Addis Ababa, central Ethiopia, to determine prevalence and associated risk factors of Eimeria infection in cattle and sheep. A total of 384 randomly selected cattle and sheep fecal samples were collected and examined by centrifugal flotation technique using Sheather's sugar solution to detect the oocysts of Eimeria. Accordingly, the overall prevalence was 57.3% with the prevalence of 55.0 % in cattle and 59.8% in sheep showing relatively higher prevalence in ovine than in bovine. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the occurrence of infection between the two animal species; neither of sex and body condition of study animals showed the significance. Significant difference (P= 0.0007 in cattle and P = 0.005 in sheep) was observed between age groups with high prevalence in young animals than in adults. There was also strong significant difference (P<0.001 in bo...
Prevalence and Intensity of Eimeria Infection in Sheep in Western Iran
International Journal of Livestock Research, 2014
The present study was carried out to survey the prevalence and intensity of coccidia in sheep in western Iran. The prevalence of coccidial infection was monitored in 410 sheep in western Iran between March 2012 to February 2013. Oocysts in faecal samples were detected using a flotation technique, sporulated and identified to species based on morphological features of the sporulated oocysts. The overall prevalence of coccidial infection was 91.5% (375/410
Prevalence and risk factors of Eimeria spp. natural infection in sheep from northern Paraná, Brazil
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 2022
The present study aimed to perform an epidemiological and morphological identification of Eimeria infection in sheep in Brazil. Fecal samples from sheep were collected from 20 farms in northern Paraná, Brazil. An epidemiological questionnaire was used to evaluate the risk factors. Fecal samples containing oocysts per gram of feces (OoPG) ≥1000 were subjected to the modified Willis-Mollay method to perform oocyst identification. Sporulated oocysts were observed microscopically for morphological identification. A total of 807 fecal samples were collected. Based on the morphological characteristics of the sporulated oocysts, 10 species of Eimeria were identified, with main species observed: Eimeira ovinoidalis (98.1%), Eimeria crandallis (87.6%), Eimeria parva (79.1%), and Eimeria bakuensis (60.8%). Only 2.6% (7/268) of the sheep were infected with a single species, 4.8% (13/268) contained two different species, and 92.5% (248/268) were infected with three or more species. The analysis...
Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports
Eimeria infection is one of the protozoal diseases of animals caused by various species of Eimeria (intracellular parasite) and causes reduced productivity and mortality in ruminants, especially in young ones. Despite the fact that the disease is one of the leading causes of economic losses, there is little information in Ethiopia on the occurrence of the infection in cattle and sheep. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 in and around Adama and Bishoftu towns with the objectives to estimate the prevalence of Eimeria infection; identify circulating Eimeria oocysts, the intensity/burden of infection and associated risk factors of Eimeria infection in cattle and sheep. A total of 384 randomly selected (265 cattle and 119 sheep) fecal samples were collected from the rectum and examined by flotation technique using sheather's sugar solution to detect the oocysts of Eimeria. A 2.5% potassium dichromate solution was added to the positive fecal samples for sporulation of the oocysts. Results and discussion: The overall prevalence of 48.95% Eimeria infection was recorded during the study. 45.0% and 58% prevalence of the infection was registered in cattle and sheep, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (P ˂ 0.05) in Eimeria infection between the study animal species, age of the animals, breed, farm hygiene and management system. However, there was no significant difference in Eimeria infection (P > 0.05) in sex, body condition of the animals and fecal consistency. The maximum oocysts per gram of feces was found to be 10,000. Eimeria infection is of great importance to livestock producers and requires serious control and prevention initiatives.
Eimeriosis in Danish Dairy Calves – Correlation between Species, Oocyst Excretion and Diarrhoea
Parasitology Research, 2013
The study collected up-to-date data on prevalence and importance of Eimeria infections in Danish dairy calves with suspected clinical eimeriosis and analysed correlation between Eimeria spp., oocyst excretion and diarrhoea. From October 2010 through August 2011, veterinarians collected faecal samples from dairy herds (n = 52) with > 50 cows and a history of diarrhoea in young stock. Individual faecal samples were collected 3-4 weeks following re-housing to common pens from calves (n = 453) aged 3 weeks to 6 months. Faecal consistency and total number of oocysts per gram of faeces (opg) were determined, along with opg values for the specific Eimeria spp. Association between opg and faeces Author's personal copy S170 PROTOZOA but one Eimeria-positive herds. Diarrhoea was seen in 35.9 % of the calves, and a significant (p = 0.003) positive correlation was detected between diarrhoea and total opg as well as diarrhoea and oocyst excretion for E. zuernii (p = 0.03), E. bovis (p = 0.05) and E. cylindrica (p = 0.04). No such relationship could be detected for E. ellipsoidalis (p = 0.87), E. subspherica (p = 0.54) or E. auburnensis (p = 0.10). Further studies should focus on possible synergistic effects of multiple Eimeria spp. infections as well as interaction between Eimeria spp. and other enteric pathogens.
Parasitology Research, 2017
This study evaluated the efficacy and the economic viability of two anticoccidial treatment regimens tested in lambs naturally exposed to Eimeria spp. re-infections in a grazing system during a 140-day period. Twenty-four suckling lambs were distributed into three groups based on the individual count of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) and body weight. Animals were treated with toltrazuril 5% (20 mg/kg) at 14-(GI) or 21day (GII) intervals, and GIII was kept as untreated control. A cost-benefit analysis of each treatment regimen was calculated. Additionally, economic analysis was performed on four hypothetical scenarios, in which lambs could be having 10, 25, 50, or 85% decrease in their expected body weight gain due to clinical. Efficacy of toltrazuril against Eimeria spp. was 96.9-99.9% (GI) and 74.2-99.9% (GII). E. ovinoidalis was most frequently identified, but no clinical signs of coccidiosis were observed in lambs. There were no differences in weight gain among the groups. The cost of treatment per lamb was 13.09(GI)and13.09 (GI) and 13.09(GI)and7.83 (GII). The estimation model showed that the cost-benefit ratio favored treatment with toltrazuril when lambs fail to gain weight. In the studied flock, the break-even point for toltrazuril administered at 14-day intervals was reached with 85% decrease in mean weight gain. In conclusion, toltrazuril can be used at 14-day intervals to control Eimeria spp. (re)-infection in lambs raised on pasture. This treatment regimen was not economically feasible for subclinical coccidiosis; however, it may be feasible when used to prevent weight loss caused by clinical coccidiosis.
Management and Control of Eimeria Infection in Goats
Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title], 2021
Coccidian parasites of the genus Eimeira cause coccidiosis in farm animals, which develop in both the small and the large intestines. Coccidiosis is a major economic concern in many livestock, especially in young animals, as a result of losses caused by clinical infection (diarrhea) and subclinical (poor weight gain in particular) and the required treatment costs. Herein, we summarize geographical distribution of Eimeria parasites, their life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical signs, economic losses due to coccidiosis, diagnosis, recent information on control and prevention, and anticoccidial drugs for Eimeria infection in goats. With regard to poverty alleviation in most developing agricultural countries, it is important to maintain and develop goat-related industries. Proper management should be used to prevent losses and reduce the productivity from coccidiosis in young animals by: reducing the level of environmental contamination by infectious oocysts; minimizing stress; and avoiding...