The Process of Development in Modern Malaysia (original) (raw)
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DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA: ECONOMICS AND POLITICS OF AN IDEA
2003
LEE HWOK AUN ABSTRAK Artikel ini memberi suatu pentaksiran kritikal tentang idea pembangunan di Malaysia. Perancangan dan prestasi ekonomi negara ini berpuncakan kecenderungan tertentu di dalam takrif dan amalan apa yang digelar sebagai pembangunan. Perbincangan dalam makalah ini bertemakan ekonomi dan politik pembangunan serta peranan pemerintah di dalam proses ini. Kadar pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat merupakan suatu objektif polisi utama, sementara pengagihan pendapatan, perindustrian dan pembangunan kapitalis adalah keutamaan polisi pembangunan. Objektif yang lain, khususnya pembasmian kemiskinan dan perpaduan kebangsaan, juga merupakan objektif yang penting, tetapi dihambat oleh konsep-konsep yang sempit serta kepentingan pemerintah. Penguasaan dominan pemerintah telah mendatangkan situasi di mana idea pembangunan dilahirkan oleh pemerintah bagi tujuannya sendiri, dan jarang sekali dipersoalkan. Pembangunan juga telah dihuraikan dengan perspektif yang lebih luas, tetapi pemerhatian kami mendapati bahawa prioriti ekonomi dan kapitalis menguasai agenda pembangunan, melebihi retorik pembangunan holistik.
Development: Malaysian Experience
Politics in Malaysia is dominated by ethnic considerations; hence, the most critical challenge of development in the country has been the issue of national unity. The Malaysian government has attempted to include all ethnic groups in the process of development regardless of their ethnicity or religion especially since the ethnic riots of 1969. Therefore, the Malaysian government designed economic programs such as the New Economic Policy (NEP) and New Economic Model (NEM) to facilitate this process through state- oriented policies and also include all ethnic groups in the process of development. In fact, Malaysia has followed non-conventional theories of development because of the role of government in the development process. This article seeks to explain the ambitious grand programs of the Malaysian government and demonstrate how these programs have followed non-conventional theories of development.
Malaysia’s Developmental Regime
2017
This chapter will once again apply the Developmental Regime framework, this time to the case of Malaysia. This will not only shed further analytical light on the previous chapter, but also cement an understanding of Malaysian developmentalism. Simultaneously, when combined with the empirical analysis of Argentina and the theoretical work conducted in the first half of the book this analysis will drive home the overarching argument of this book: that a Developmental Regime framework facilitates deeper understanding of the form and nature of 21st century developmentalism in emerging markets who operate under the aegis of neoliberal globalisation. This understanding reveals greater scope for the development of appropriate capacities and autonomy for successful, state-led catch-up development.
In the last decades of the twentieth century the small and medium-sized nations of East and South-East Asia have begun a process of potentially enormous political and economic transformation. Explosive growth has occurred already in many parts of the region, and the more slowly growing countries are attempting to emulate this vanguard group. The impact of the region upon the world economy has increased rapidly and is likely to continue to do so in the future.
Malaysian Development Since Independence
2017
This chapter will analyse the case of Malaysia. It will demonstrate an understanding of its development trajectory in terms of oscillations between goals of GDP growth and redistribution, in order to maintain both. Split into four sections, each analyses the contemporary development path through exposition of key strategies and policies of the state. It will show that rising ethnic tensions since its independence in 1957 led to a focus on redistribution to ethnic Malays through a series of positive-discrimination polices combined with state-driven industrialisation. After recession in 1985, this turned towards increasing liberalisation to reignite GDP growth, and then back to a redistributive emphasis in the context of the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis. The chapter finishes with a final section that analyses current development policy in the context of recent trends, not least the global financial crisis.