Native versus non-native invasions: similarities and differences in the biodiversity impacts of Pinus contorta in introduced and native ranges (original) (raw)
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Drivers of plant invasion vary globally: evidence from pine invasions within six ecoregions
Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2015
AimTo determine biotic and abiotic controls on pine invasion globally within six ecoregions that include both introduced and native ranges.LocationsRío Negro province, Argentina; Aysén and Araucanía regions, Chile; South Island (two ecoregions), New Zealand; Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, USA.MethodsWe quantified tree abundance and size across invasion fronts of the widespread invasive tree species Pinus contorta at each of the nine sites, encompassing both the native and introduced range. We also determined the relative importance of propagule pressure, abiotic characteristics and biotic factors for invasion success. Finally, key plant population metrics such as individual tree growth rates and reproductive effort were compared between native and introduced ranges.ResultsPinus contorta density decreased with increasing distance from source population in all cases, but the importance and shape of this relationship differed among sites due, primarily to biotic factors. For example, a...
Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2012
Aim Pine trees (genus Pinus) represent an ancient lineage, naturally occurring almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere, but introduced and widely naturalized in both hemispheres. As large trees of interest to forestry, they attract much attention and their distribution is well documented in both indigenous and naturalized ranges. This creates an opportunity to analyse the relationship between indigenous and naturalized range sizes in the context of different levels of human usage, biological traits and the characteristics of the environments of origin.
Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework
Diversity and Distributions, 2004
We summarize information on naturalized and invasive conifers (class Pinopsida) worldwide (data from 40 countries, some with remote states/territories), and contrast these findings with patterns for other gymnosperms (classes Cycadopsida, Gnetopsida and Ginkgoopsida) and for woody angiosperms. Eighty conifer taxa (79 species and one hybrid; 13% of species) are known to be naturalized, and 36 species (6%) are 'invasive' . This categorization is based on objective and conservative criteria relating to consistency of reproduction, distance of spread from founders, and degree of reliance on propagules from the founder population for persistence in areas well outside the natural range of species. Twenty-eight of the known invasive conifers belong to one family (Pinaceae) and 21 of these are in one genus ( Pinus ). The Cupressaceae (including Taxodiaceae) has six known invasive species (4%) in four genera, but the other four conifer families have none. There are also no known invasive species in classes Cycadopsida, Gnetopsida or Ginkgoopsida. No angiosperm family comprising predominantly trees and shrubs has proportionally as many invasive species as the Pinaceae.
Annals of Forest Science, 2006
In this study, forest ecosystems were analysed with regard to the occurrence and ecological range of non-indigenous plant species. Pine forests in the NE German lowland, which naturally and anthropogenically occur on a broad range of different sites, were taken as an example. The analysis is based on a data set of about 2 300 vegetation plots. The ecological range was assessed applying Ellenberg's ecological indicator values. Out of a total of 362 taxa recorded in the pine forests, only 12 non-indigenous species, including trees, shrubs, annual and perennial herbs, and one bryophyte were found. They commonly grow on sites with relatively high nitrogen availability and soil reaction values. Most species are native to North America. Taking into account that a high proportion of the investigated pine forests is of anthropogenic origin and will naturally develop towards broad-leaved forests with beech and oak, it is hypothesised that most of the observed invasions are reversible. Ellenberg indicator values / forest development / human impact / nitrogen availability / plant invasions Résumé-Espèces non indigènes et leur habitat écologique dans les forêts de pins (Pinus sylvestris L.) de l'Europe Centrale. Dans cette étude, les écosystèmes forestiers ont été analysés eu égard à l'occurrence et à l'habitat écologique des espèces de plantes non-indigènes. Les forêts de pins dans les plaines du NE de l'Allemagne, dans lesquelles il existe naturellement et anthropogénétiquement une large gamme de sites différents, ont été prises en exemple. L'analyse s'appuie sur un ensemble de données d'environ 2300 placeaux. La gamme écologique a été établie en ayant recours aux indicateurs écologiques d'Ellenberg. Sur un total de 362 taxa notés dans les forêts de pins, seulement 12 espèces non indigènes ont été trouvées en incluant les arbres, les buissons, les herbacées annuelles et pérennes. Un seul bryophyte a été identifié. Elles se développent communément sur les sites présentant une disponibilité en azote et une réaction élevée à l'acide. Beaucoup d'espèces sont originaires d'Amérique du Nord. Prenant en compte le fait qu'une forte proportion de forêts de pins étudiées a une origine anthropogène et le fait que naturellement se développeront des forêts feuillues avec le hêtre et le chêne, il est fait l'hypothèse que la plus grande partie de ces invasions sont réversibles. valeurs indicatrices d'Ellenberg / développement de la forêt / impact humain / disponibilité en azote / invasions de plantes Nomenclature: [68] for vascular plants, [17] for bryophytes, and [67] for lichens.
Does the legacy of historical biogeography shape current invasiveness in pines?
Why are some introduced species more successful at establishing and spreading than others? Until now, characteristics of extant species have been intensively investigated to answer this question. We propose to gain new insights on species invasiveness by exploring the long-term biogeographic and evolutionary history of lineages. We exemplify our approach using one of the best-studied invasive plant genera, Pinus. We notably estimated the historical biogeography of pines and the rates of trait evolution in pines. These estimates were analysed with regard to species invasiveness status. The results revealed that currently invasive species belong to lineages that were particularly successful at colonizing new regions in the past. We also showed that highly mobile lineages had faster rates of niche evolution, but that these rates are poor proxies for species adaptive potential in invaded regions (estimated by niche shift among native and invaded regions). In summary, working at the interface of ecology, historical biogeography and evolutionary history offers stimulating perspectives to improve our understanding of the drivers of invasion success.
Forests, 2019
Research Highlights: The invasive species Pinus contorta, has become a new component of the vegetation in the Patagonian Steppe, invading the complex matrix of bare ground, tussock grasses and cushion plants. At a microsite scale, the type of native vegetation is one of the multiple factors determining the establishment of P. contorta and in some cases, increasing its survival, and as a result, the invasion of the species. Background and Objectives: The presence of trees, particularly pines, where they are naturally absent, represents a clear threat to Patagonian steppe ecosystems. Thus, understanding the interaction between pines and native plant species may be the key to understanding the invasion and applying management actions. Pinus contorta is considered one of the most aggressive among the pines species, with recognized impacts on regions in the southern hemisphere and Europe, and it is one of the main invaders in the Patagonian steppe. Our aim in this study is to determine t...
Pine invasions: climate predicts invasion success; something else predicts failure
Diversity and Distributions, 2011
Aim Explaining why some invasions fail while others succeed is a prevailing question in invasion biology. Different factors have been proposed to explain the success or failure of exotics. Evidence suggests that climate similarities may be crucial. We tested this using 12 species of the genus Pinus that have been widely planted and shown to be highly invasive. Pinus is among the best-studied group of exotic species and one that has been widely introduced world-wide, so we were able to obtain data on invasive and non-invasive introductions (i.e. unsuccessful invasions; areas where after many decades of self-sowing seeds there is no invasion).
Diversity
Pinus contorta is considered one of the most invasive tree species worldwide, generating significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems. In several Patagonian ecosystems in southern Chile, it has escaped from plantations established mainly in the 1970s, and is now invading both forests and treeless environments. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the invasion of P. contorta on microenvironmental conditions in Araucaria araucana forest and Patagonian steppe ecosystems, and assessed how these changes related to the richness and abundance of native and non-native plant species. In each ecosystem, 24 plots of 100 m2 were established along a gradient of P. contorta biomass, where 18 environmental variables and the composition of native and non-native vegetation were measured at a local scale. Our results indicated that increased pine biomass was associated with differences in microclimatic conditions (soil and air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and soi...