Hybrid Chemical Vapor Deposition Enables Scalable and Stable Cs-FA Mixed Cation Perovskite Solar Modules with a Designated Area of 91.8 cm2 Approaching 10% Efficiency (original) (raw)
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High performance perovskite solar cells by hybrid chemical vapor deposition
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014
Organometal halide based perovskites are promising materials for solar cell applications and are rapidly developing with current devices reaching $19% efficiency. In this work we introduce a new method of perovskite synthesis by hybrid chemical vapor deposition (HCVD), and demonstrate efficiencies as high as 11.8%. These cells were found to be stable with time, and retained almost the same efficiency after approximately 1100 h storage in dry N 2 gas. This method is particularly attractive because of its ability to scale up to industrial levels and the ability to precisely control gas flow rate, temperature, and pressure with high reproducibility. This is the first demonstration of a perovskite solar cell using chemical vapor deposition and there is likely still room for significant optimization in efficiency.
Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites have emerged as a revolutionary class of light-harvesting materials. The general perovskite formula is ABX 3 , in which A is a monovalent cation (such as methylammonium (MA +), formamidinium (FA +) or caesium (Cs +)), B is a divalent metallic cation (such as Pb 2+ or Sn 2+) and X is a halide (I − , Br − or Cl −). After only several years of active research, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has substantially increased to more than 22% 1-4. Remarkably, this high performance was achieved with a device that was fabricated through solution processing, which has not been demonstrated for other photo voltaic (PV) technologies. This makes PSCs promising candidates for a high-performance, low-cost PV technology. Several intrinsic material properties contribute to the demonstrated high efficiency of this new PV technology, such as high absorption coefficients, long carrier diffusion lengths, flexible bandgap tuning and defect tolerance 5-10. However, for practical application , PV technologies need to be more than efficient-they also need to be stable and scalable. During the past few years, we have seen remarkable progress towards future large-scale PSC manufacturing using scalable deposition. There has been a rapid improvement in the efficiency of PSCs at different size scales (FIG. 1a)-namely, small-area cells (~0.1 cm 2), large-area cells (~1 cm 2) and modules (>10 cm 2). The surge in performance of small-area devices is largely ascribed to the improved composition and morphology of perovskite thin films owing to innovations in solution chemistry and the fabrication process. These developments have been readily transferred to large-area devices, resulting in an increase in efficiency that has closely followed the trend of small-device development. By contrast, the efficiencies of PSC modules notably lag behind those of single-cell devices. A loss in efficiency is inevitable when the solar cell or module area increases. This loss is the result of a combination of several factors, including higher series resistance , lower shunt resistance, non-uniform coating over a large area and the unavoidable dead (that is, inactive) area of bus bars and interconnections. FIGURE 1b shows the correlation between the state-of-the-art PCE and the solar cell or module area for different types of solar cells: silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gal-lium selenide (CIGS), dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), organic PV (OPV) and a PSC. The different types of solar cells (except for the PSC) all follow an apparent inverse scaling law, with the absolute PCE value decreasing by about 0.8% when the device area increases by an order of magnitude. The current status of PSC modules falls below this predicted trend: there is a greater decrease in efficiency when the PSC area increases compared with other types of solar cells. This disparity in efficiency undoubtedly results from the minimal research efforts on the scaling of PSCs. Abstract | Perovskite materials use earth-abundant elements, have low formation energies for deposition and are compatible with roll-to-roll and other high-volume manufacturing techniques. These features make perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suitable for terawatt-scale energy production with low production costs and low capital expenditure. Demonstrations of performance comparable to that of other thin-film photovoltaics (PVs) and improvements in laboratory-scale cell stability have recently made scale up of this PV technology an intense area of research focus. Here, we review recent progress and challenges in scaling up PSCs and related efforts to enable the terawatt-scale manufacturing and deployment of this PV technology. We discuss common device and module architectures, scalable deposition methods and progress in the scalable deposition of perovskite and charge-transport layers. We also provide an overview of device and module stability, module-level characterization techniques and techno-economic analyses of perovskite PV modules.
Strategies for High-Performance Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells toward Commercialization
Crystals
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received a great deal of attention in the science and technology field due to their outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE), which increased rapidly from 3.9% to 25.5% in less than a decade, comparable to single crystal silicon solar cells. In the past ten years, much progress has been made, e.g. impressive ideas and advanced technologies have been proposed to enlarge PSC efficiency and stability. However, this outstanding progress has always been referred to as small-area (<0.1 cm2) PSCs. Little attention has been paid to the preparation processes and their micro-mechanisms for large-area (>1 cm2) PSCs. Meanwhile, scaling up is an inevitable way for large-scale application of PSCs. Therefore, we firstly summarize the current achievements for high efficiency and stability large-area perovskite solar cells, including precursor composition, deposition, growth control, interface engineering, packaging technology, etc. Then we include a bri...
Perovskite Solar Cell Materials Development for Enhanced Efficiency and Stability
Power System Technology, 2024
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has advanced due to climate change and energy security concerns. PV technologies like perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have advanced to over 25% power conversion efficiency. This analysis examines PSC evolution, concentrating on efficiency, stability, and cost-effective manufacture. Special materials, ABX3, where A and B are cations and X is an anion, are used to make PSCs. Their high light absorption coefficients, long carrier lifetimes, and programmable bandgaps make them intriguing photovoltaic options for the future generation. PSCs have advanced PCE, but long-term stability and scalable manufacture remain issues. Moisture, oxygen, UV radiation, and heat degrade PSCs. Laborious batch-based fabrication technologies reduce cost-effectiveness. This review addresses efficiency and stability techniques to overcome these issues. Doping, lattice strain relaxation, and encapsulation are key PSC performance enhancements. Finding lead-free perovskite compositions and different crystal structures lead to more stable materials. Roll-to-roll processing and spray coating are scalable and cost-effective fabrication processes with commercial potential. This article helps address these problems, but further research is needed to fully understand the intricacies of building scalable and cost-effective PSC fabrication processes. PSC efficiency, stability, and fabrication improvements offer hope for perovskite solar cell inclusion into renewable energy systems and a sustainable energy future.
Materials, 2020
Although the efficiency of small-size perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has reached an incredible level of 25.25%, there is still a substantial loss in performance when switching from small size devices to large-scale solar modules. The large efficiency deficit is primarily associated with the big challenge of coating homogeneous, large-area, high-quality thin films via scalable processes. Here, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the nucleation and crystal growth kinetics, which are the key steps for perovskite film formation. Several thin-film crystallization techniques, including antisolvent, hot-casting, vacuum quenching, and gas blowing, are then summarized to distinguish their applications for scalable fabrication of perovskite thin films. In viewing the essential importance of the film morphology on device performance, several strategies including additive engineering, Lewis acid-based approach, solvent annealing, etc., which are capable of modulating the crystal morpholo...
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015
The quality of a perovskite film will directly determine the performance and stability of the corresponding perovskite solar cell. High-quality and uniform CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films were synthesized by a new hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) process in a vacuum and isothermal environment. The reaction temperature can be accurately adjusted from 73 C to 100 C, with 73 C as the lowest reaction temperature for a vapor based approach. CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 solar cells with high performance were fabricated at 82 C to achieve a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 14.7%. The unsealed champion solar cell was tested for 31 days continuously, and its efficiency could maintain 12.1%, demonstrating high effectiveness of this HPCVD process.
Solar Energy, 2020
Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have grabbed the attention of the researchers worldwide owing to their outstanding Photovoltaic (PV) performance. PSCs are the future of the PV technology as they are capable of generating power with performance being comparable with the leading Silicon solar cells, with the cost being lower than Silicon solar cells. The enormous potential of PSCs is evident from the fact that the efficiency of these cells has risen from 3.8% to 25.2% within a decade, and it is continuously rising to date. We discuss the features making PSCs superior to contemporary PV technologies. The description of the evolution of efficiency and various architectures used to date has been presented. The perovskite film fabrication techniques with some large scale perovskite solar cell manufacturing techniques are discussed. Despite positive traits, the PSCs have faced some issues, such as degradation in the presence of moisture, oxygen, and UV, toxicity, etc. The impact of these factors with various remedies adopted by researchers has been discussed. However, the instability issue raised by toxicity is not of much concern is supported in this paper. These issues creating obstacles in the path of commercialization of PSCs along with the commercialization road map are discussed thoroughly.