By Carrot or by Stick: Cognitive Reinforcement Learning in Parkinsonism Supporting Online Material (original) (raw)

Cognitive Decline in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Romanian Journal of Neurology

The goal of our study was to assess the cognitive state in patients with Parkinson′s disease (PD). We studied 62 patients (30 men and 32 women, mean age 71.1± 4.5 years and mean educational level 11.5 ± 1 years). They were admitted to the Clinic of Neurology from Craiova between January 2015 – January 2016 for Parkinson’s disease. All the patients met the diagnostic criteria for Parkinson′s disease. In this study we included only patients in stage I and II on Hoehn and Yahr scale. 35 patients were in stage I and 27 patients in stage II. The patients were treated with levo-dopa monotherapy or dopaminergic agonists monotherapy. We have also included in our study a control group composed of 70 control subjects with the same range of educational level and age. To assess the cognitive state we tested the patients using Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) and the revised version of the Addenbrooke′s Cognitive Examination (ACE-R) at baseline, after 6 months and one year later. For the...

The performance on learning tasks of patients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease

Neuropsychologia, 1989

It is known that in animals learning is disrupted by caudate lesions; but there has been no agreement about whether pathology in the basal ganglia causes a similar impairment in man. Nineteen patients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease were tested on two associative learning tasks and on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task; and their performance was compared with that of patients with frontal or temporal lobe lesions. On the two associative learning tasks there was no overall difference between the Parkinsonian group and the controls. However, a minority of the Parkinsonian patients performed very poorly on these tasks; and it was noted that these tended to be the older patients.

One Year Follow-Up Study on Cognitive Performances in Patients with Parkinson's Disease

Romanian Journal of Neurology, 2009

The goal of our study was to assess the cognitive state in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We studied 58 patients ( 23 men and 35 women, mean age 70,1± 4,5 years and mean educational level 11,9 ±1 years). They were admitted to the Clinic of Neurology from Craiova between March 2007- March 2008 for Parkinson Disease. All the patients met the diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's Disease. In this study we included only patients in stage I and II on Hoehn and Yahr scale. Thirty-two patients were in stage I and 26 patients in stage II. The patients were treated with levo-dopa monotherapy, dopaminergic agonists monotherapy, or levodopa associated with dopaminergic agonists. We have also included in our study a control group composed of 62 control subjects with the same range of educational level and age. To assess the cognitive state we tested the patients using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the revised version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-...

Cognition in Parkinson's disease

Croatian medical journal, 2004

AIM Studies of accentuated drop in cognitive functioning of Parkinson's disease patients mostly use global intelligence measures that have a masking effect on differential drop in specific cognitive abilities. The goal of this study was to investigate the possible differential drop in different types of cognitive tasks. Applied tests tapped fluid and crystallized intelligence, memory, and metacognition. METHOD A sample of 116 participants participated in the study. Half of the participants were diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (average duration of disease 6.5 years) and control group participants equaled them in age, sex, and education level. All participants were tested using Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM), Crichton Vocabulary Scale (CVS), memory subtests from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS DS-F, WAIS DS-B), and Mini-mental Status Examination (MMSE). Participants, and in the case of clinical group their caregivers as well, were asked questions con...

Improving functional disability and cognition in Parkinson disease: randomized controlled trial

Neurology, 2014

To examine the efficacy of an integrative cognitive training program (REHACOP) to improve cognition, clinical symptoms, and functional disability of patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Forty-two patients diagnosed with PD in Hoehn & Yahr stages 1 to 3 were randomly assigned to either the cognitive training group (REHACOP) or the control group (occupational activities) for 3 months (3 sessions, 60 min/wk). Primary outcomes were change on processing speed, verbal memory, visual memory, executive functioning, and theory of mind. Secondary outcomes included changes on neuropsychiatric symptoms, depression, apathy, and functional disability. The trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02118480). No baseline group differences were found. Bootstrapped analysis of variance results showed significant differences in the mean change scores between the REHACOP group and control group in processing speed (0.13 [SE = 0.07] vs -0.15 [SE = 0.09], p = 0.025), visual memory (0.10 [SE = 0.1...